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Chapters 3&4 – SWK 2280

Ethics

Single system research designs

Ethics in social work

Research is not black and white, lots of grey areas present

Historical context of enforcing ethics

USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee (1932) – 400 black males diagnosed with syphilis informed that they would receive treatment for “bad blood” – this “study” lasted for 40 years.

Nuremberg trials following World War II (as a result of cruel and unusual punishment from Nazis toward their research subjects/prisoners) led to the development of the Nuremberg Code, which governed research with human subjects.

Passage of the National Research Act (1974) – any institution that conducts research on human subjects is required to establish an Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Institutional review boards

Consists of various faculty across different colleges.

Ensure that projects cause no harm to subjects.

Types of review:

Exempt – research presents no risk

Expedited – research presents minimal risk

Full – research involves more than minimal risk; vulnerable populations

The Belmont report

Developed by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1978

Three ethical principles for research on humans:

Beneficence

Respect

Justice

Guidelines for ethical research

Research subjects must be volunteers

Sufficient information should be provided to participants regarding the study and any potential risks

No harm shall result to participants as a result of the research

Protection of sensitive information

Difference between confidentiality and anonymity?

Potential ethical problems in research

Deception

Denial of treatment

Compensation

Consideration of online subjects

Qualitative research

Observation, interviews, stories

Challenges to following an interview schedule – a list of questions developed by the interviewer

The national association of social workers (nasw) code of ethics

Service

Social justice

Dignity and worth of the person

Importance of human relationships

Integrity

Competence

Single system research designs (SSRD)

Used to continuously evaluate the progress of an individual, group, or community

i.e., case studies

Identification of independent variables (IVs) and dependent variable(s) (DVs)

Developing baselines

Ideal number of observations?

Types of SSRDs

A = pre-intervention/baseline phase

B = intervention phase

Case studies (B Design)

AB Design

ABA & ABAB Designs

ABC and ABCD Designs

ABA

ABAB

Validity and reliability

Validity – how accurately is a particular concept measured?

Reliability – the accuracy of an instrument itself

A measure can be reliable, but not valid. Likewise you cannot have a valid instrument without reliability.

Types of reliability

Test-retest

Internal

Inter-rater

Types of validity

Internal (various types)

External

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