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Chapter11.pdf
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Chapter10.pdf

Chapter11.pdf

Sociology: The Essentials, 

10e Chapter 11: Gender

Chapter Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: • Understand gender as a social construction. • Explain the process of gender socialization. • Identify different components of gender stratification. • Compare and contrast different theories of gender stratification. • Relate gender inequality in the United Sates to that in other nations. • Evaluate the different components of change with regard to gender.

Icebreaker: Names and Gender Identity   (10 minutes) 

• Working in pairs, have students discuss the following: Names such as Carol and Aubrey used to be boys’ names but today are almost exclusively female. −Why do names become feminized? −What does this say about masculinity? −What about gender-neutral names? ▪Can you identify some gender neutral names? ▪What do these names say about gender identity?

The Social Construction of Gender

• From birth (or earlier), gender expectations influence how boys and girls are treated. −Parents might select pink clothes and dolls for girls, sports clothing and

brighter colors for boys. • Sex refers to biological identity, being male or female. • Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated

with members of each sex.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (1 of 3)

• Are differences between men and women biologically determined? • Biological determinism: explanations that attribute complex social phenomena

to physical characteristics. • ”Men are more aggressive because of hormonal differences” is a biologically

determinist argument.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (2 of 3)

• Even when men and women as a whole tend to differ on a given trait, within gender differences can be just as great as across gender differences. Some men, for example, are less aggressive than some women.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (3 of 3)

• A person’s sex identity is established at fertilization. • Intersex individuals have mixed biological sex characteristics.

Gender Socialization

• Gender socialization: men and women learn the expectations of their sex. −Socialization affects one’s self-concepts, social and political attitudes,

perceptions about other people, and feelings about relationships with others. −Not everyone conforms to gender expectations.

The Formation of Gender Identity

• Gender identity: one’s definition of oneself as a woman or man. −Basic to our self-concept −Shapes our self-expectations −Shapes our abilities and interests −Shapes how we interact with others

• Gender identity influences numerous behaviors. • Transgender people are those who live as a gender different from the one they

were assigned at birth.

Sources of Gender Socialization

Agents of gender socialization include: − Family, peers, children’s play, schooling, religious training, mass media

Gender socialization is reinforced whenever gender-linked behaviors receive approval or disapproval from these multiple influences.

Image: Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit Image: Golden Pixels LLC / Alamy Stock Photo

Discussion Activity   (15 minutes)

• Have students consider the list of agents of socialization just presented. Using this list as a guide: − Identify how each agent socialized you into a specific gender. For example,

parents may have used colors or toys. Try to be specific about these items. −Consider how this socialization shaped your gender identity.

The Institutional Basis of Gender

• Gendered institutions: the total pattern of gender relations that structure social institutions, including: −Stereotypical expectations − Interpersonal relationships −The different placement of men and women found in institutions

• Schools are gendered institutions because they perpetuate specific gender patterns.

Gender Stratification

• Gender stratification: the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender. −Most societies have some form of gender stratification.

• Gender apartheid: extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life.

Scenario Activity   (25 minutes)

• There are few women in construction. For this activity, have students imagine a woman is applying for a position on a construction crew. −First, have students create a list of possible questions for the interview. −Then, in pairs, have students role-play the interview.

• Afterward, discuss how a woman might be treated differently in this position or other male-dominated positions and what this suggests about the way gender structures social relations.

Sexism:   The Biased Consequences of Beliefs

• Gender stratification is supported by beliefs that treat gender inequality as “natural.” −Sexism generates social myths that have no basis but support the dominant

groups over subordinate groups. −Sexism emerges in patriarchies, societies in which men have power over

women.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (1 of 2)

• Gender stratification is obvious in the income gap between men and women. −The income gap persists despite more participation of women in the labor

force. Women still earn less than men, making 80% of what men earn. −The labor force participation rate is the percentage of those in a group who

are employed part-time or full-time. For women it is 54% versus 66% of men.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (2 of 2)

• Discrimination refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment. − It is argued that men have an incentive to preserve their advantages in the

labor market. −Women pose a threat to traditional white male privileges, and men organize

to preserve their own power and advantage.

The Devaluation of Women’s Work

• Women are concentrated in the most devalued jobs (associated with childcare and household labor and “nurturing” occupations). −Only a small proportion of women work in traditionally “male” occupations. −For all women, perceptions of gender-appropriate behavior influence the

likelihood of success within institutions.

Theories of Gender

• Feminism is not a single way of thinking and acting; it refers to advocating for a more just society for women. • Feminist theory analyzes the position of women in society for the explicit

purpose of improving their position in it. • Liberal feminism: inequality for women originates in traditions of the past.

Discussion Activity   (20 minutes)

• What is binary thinking about sex and gender? • How do individuals who challenge these binaries (such as transgender or

intersex people) help us understand that sex and gender are social, not natural, categories?

Gender in Global Perspective

• The global division of labor has a gendered component. −Women workers can provide a cheap supply of labor.

• Worldwide, women work as much as or more than men. − It is difficult to find a single place in the world where the workplace is not

segregated by gender. • Violence against women and girls is a global epidemic.

−One of the most pervasive violations of human rights.

Gender and Social Change

• Many people take for granted freedom struggled for by earlier generations. • These include:

−Access to birth control −Equal opportunity legislation −Laws against sexual harassment − Increased athletic opportunities for women −More women in political occupations

Debate Activity   (30 minutes)

• The previous slide identified access to birth control as a freedom that is sometimes taken for granted. Recently, Texas has attempted to overturn Roe v. Wade legislation by banning abortions. Divide students into two groups to debate the abortion issue. −Have one side present the woman’s argument for. Why might women be pro-

choice? −Have one side present the man’s argument against. Why might men be pro-

life? −You can include other factors such as race/ethnicity, social class, or religion.

Assessment 1

Which concept refers to biological identity as male or female? A. Gender B. Sexual identity C. Gendered identity D. Sex

Assessment 1 Answer

D. Sex

Assessment 2

The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is one’s __________. A. Self-concept B. Self-image C. Ego D. Gender identity

Assessment 2 Answer

D. Gender identity

Assessment 3

Which of the following emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform? A. Male feminism B. Radical feminism C. Multiracial feminism D. Liberal feminism

Assessment 3 Answer

D. Liberal feminism

Summary

Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation. Link to Objectives

Chapter11.pdf

Sociology: The Essentials, 

10e Chapter 11: Gender

Chapter Objectives

Icebreaker: Names and Gender Identity   (10 minutes) 

The Social Construction of Gender

• From birth (or earlier), gender expectations influence how boys and girls are treated. −Parents might select pink clothes and dolls for girls, sports clothing and

brighter colors for boys. • Sex refers to biological identity, being male or female. • Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated

with members of each sex.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (1 of 3)

• Are differences between men and women biologically determined? • Biological determinism: explanations that attribute complex social phenomena

to physical characteristics. • ”Men are more aggressive because of hormonal differences” is a biologically

determinist argument.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (2 of 3)

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (3 of 3)

• A person’s sex identity is established at fertilization. • Intersex individuals have mixed biological sex characteristics.

Gender Socialization

• Gender socialization: men and women learn the expectations of their sex. −Socialization affects one’s self-concepts, social and political attitudes,

perceptions about other people, and feelings about relationships with others. −Not everyone conforms to gender expectations.

The Formation of Gender Identity

• Gender identity influences numerous behaviors. • Transgender people are those who live as a gender different from the one they

were assigned at birth.

Sources of Gender Socialization

Agents of gender socialization include: − Family, peers, children’s play, schooling, religious training, mass media

Gender socialization is reinforced whenever gender-linked behaviors receive approval or disapproval from these multiple influences.

Image: Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit Image: Golden Pixels LLC / Alamy Stock Photo

Discussion Activity   (15 minutes)

• Have students consider the list of agents of socialization just presented. Using this list as a guide: − Identify how each agent socialized you into a specific gender. For example,

parents may have used colors or toys. Try to be specific about these items. −Consider how this socialization shaped your gender identity.

The Institutional Basis of Gender

• Schools are gendered institutions because they perpetuate specific gender patterns.

Gender Stratification

• Gender stratification: the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender. −Most societies have some form of gender stratification.

• Gender apartheid: extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life.

Scenario Activity   (25 minutes)

• Afterward, discuss how a woman might be treated differently in this position or other male-dominated positions and what this suggests about the way gender structures social relations.

Sexism:   The Biased Consequences of Beliefs

• Gender stratification is supported by beliefs that treat gender inequality as “natural.” −Sexism generates social myths that have no basis but support the dominant

groups over subordinate groups. −Sexism emerges in patriarchies, societies in which men have power over

women.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (1 of 2)

• Gender stratification is obvious in the income gap between men and women. −The income gap persists despite more participation of women in the labor

force. Women still earn less than men, making 80% of what men earn. −The labor force participation rate is the percentage of those in a group who

are employed part-time or full-time. For women it is 54% versus 66% of men.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (2 of 2)

• Discrimination refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment. − It is argued that men have an incentive to preserve their advantages in the

labor market. −Women pose a threat to traditional white male privileges, and men organize

to preserve their own power and advantage.

The Devaluation of Women’s Work

likelihood of success within institutions.

Theories of Gender

• Feminism is not a single way of thinking and acting; it refers to advocating for a more just society for women. • Feminist theory analyzes the position of women in society for the explicit

purpose of improving their position in it. • Liberal feminism: inequality for women originates in traditions of the past.

Discussion Activity   (20 minutes)

• What is binary thinking about sex and gender? • How do individuals who challenge these binaries (such as transgender or

intersex people) help us understand that sex and gender are social, not natural, categories?

Gender in Global Perspective

• The global division of labor has a gendered component. −Women workers can provide a cheap supply of labor.

• Worldwide, women work as much as or more than men. − It is difficult to find a single place in the world where the workplace is not

segregated by gender. • Violence against women and girls is a global epidemic.

−One of the most pervasive violations of human rights.

Gender and Social Change

• Many people take for granted freedom struggled for by earlier generations. • These include:

−Access to birth control −Equal opportunity legislation −Laws against sexual harassment − Increased athletic opportunities for women −More women in political occupations

Debate Activity   (30 minutes)

choice? −Have one side present the man’s argument against. Why might men be pro-

life? −You can include other factors such as race/ethnicity, social class, or religion.

Assessment 1

Which concept refers to biological identity as male or female? A. Gender B. Sexual identity C. Gendered identity D. Sex

Assessment 1 Answer

D. Sex

Assessment 2

The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is one’s __________. A. Self-concept B. Self-image C. Ego D. Gender identity

Assessment 2 Answer

D. Gender identity

Assessment 3

Which of the following emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform? A. Male feminism B. Radical feminism C. Multiracial feminism D. Liberal feminism

Assessment 3 Answer

D. Liberal feminism

Summary

Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation. Link to Objectives

Chapter11.pdf

Sociology: The Essentials, 

10e Chapter 11: Gender

Chapter Objectives

Icebreaker: Names and Gender Identity   (10 minutes) 

The Social Construction of Gender

• From birth (or earlier), gender expectations influence how boys and girls are treated. −Parents might select pink clothes and dolls for girls, sports clothing and

brighter colors for boys. • Sex refers to biological identity, being male or female. • Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated

with members of each sex.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (1 of 3)

• Are differences between men and women biologically determined? • Biological determinism: explanations that attribute complex social phenomena

to physical characteristics. • ”Men are more aggressive because of hormonal differences” is a biologically

determinist argument.

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (2 of 3)

Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? (3 of 3)

• A person’s sex identity is established at fertilization. • Intersex individuals have mixed biological sex characteristics.

Gender Socialization

• Gender socialization: men and women learn the expectations of their sex. −Socialization affects one’s self-concepts, social and political attitudes,

perceptions about other people, and feelings about relationships with others. −Not everyone conforms to gender expectations.

The Formation of Gender Identity

• Gender identity influences numerous behaviors. • Transgender people are those who live as a gender different from the one they

were assigned at birth.

Sources of Gender Socialization

Agents of gender socialization include: − Family, peers, children’s play, schooling, religious training, mass media

Gender socialization is reinforced whenever gender-linked behaviors receive approval or disapproval from these multiple influences.

Image: Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit Image: Golden Pixels LLC / Alamy Stock Photo

Discussion Activity   (15 minutes)

• Have students consider the list of agents of socialization just presented. Using this list as a guide: − Identify how each agent socialized you into a specific gender. For example,

parents may have used colors or toys. Try to be specific about these items. −Consider how this socialization shaped your gender identity.

The Institutional Basis of Gender

• Schools are gendered institutions because they perpetuate specific gender patterns.

Gender Stratification

• Gender stratification: the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender. −Most societies have some form of gender stratification.

• Gender apartheid: extreme segregation and exclusion of women from public life.

Scenario Activity   (25 minutes)

• Afterward, discuss how a woman might be treated differently in this position or other male-dominated positions and what this suggests about the way gender structures social relations.

Sexism:   The Biased Consequences of Beliefs

• Gender stratification is supported by beliefs that treat gender inequality as “natural.” −Sexism generates social myths that have no basis but support the dominant

groups over subordinate groups. −Sexism emerges in patriarchies, societies in which men have power over

women.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (1 of 2)

• Gender stratification is obvious in the income gap between men and women. −The income gap persists despite more participation of women in the labor

force. Women still earn less than men, making 80% of what men earn. −The labor force participation rate is the percentage of those in a group who

are employed part-time or full-time. For women it is 54% versus 66% of men.

Women’s Worth: Still Unequal  (2 of 2)

• Discrimination refers to practices that single out some groups for different and unequal treatment. − It is argued that men have an incentive to preserve their advantages in the

labor market. −Women pose a threat to traditional white male privileges, and men organize

to preserve their own power and advantage.

The Devaluation of Women’s Work

likelihood of success within institutions.

Theories of Gender

• Feminism is not a single way of thinking and acting; it refers to advocating for a more just society for women. • Feminist theory analyzes the position of women in society for the explicit

purpose of improving their position in it. • Liberal feminism: inequality for women originates in traditions of the past.

Discussion Activity   (20 minutes)

• What is binary thinking about sex and gender? • How do individuals who challenge these binaries (such as transgender or

intersex people) help us understand that sex and gender are social, not natural, categories?

Gender in Global Perspective

• The global division of labor has a gendered component. −Women workers can provide a cheap supply of labor.

• Worldwide, women work as much as or more than men. − It is difficult to find a single place in the world where the workplace is not

segregated by gender. • Violence against women and girls is a global epidemic.

−One of the most pervasive violations of human rights.

Gender and Social Change

• Many people take for granted freedom struggled for by earlier generations. • These include:

−Access to birth control −Equal opportunity legislation −Laws against sexual harassment − Increased athletic opportunities for women −More women in political occupations

Debate Activity   (30 minutes)

choice? −Have one side present the man’s argument against. Why might men be pro-

life? −You can include other factors such as race/ethnicity, social class, or religion.

Assessment 1

Which concept refers to biological identity as male or female? A. Gender B. Sexual identity C. Gendered identity D. Sex

Assessment 1 Answer

D. Sex

Assessment 2

The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is one’s __________. A. Self-concept B. Self-image C. Ego D. Gender identity

Assessment 2 Answer

D. Gender identity

Assessment 3

Which of the following emphasizes individual rights and equal opportunity as the basis for social justice and reform? A. Male feminism B. Radical feminism C. Multiracial feminism D. Liberal feminism

Assessment 3 Answer

D. Liberal feminism

Summary

Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation. Link to Objectives

other Questions(10)