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cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf

cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_21.pdf

Applying Library Research Skills

Learner’s Name

Capella University

NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective

Instructor Name

August, 2020

Applying Library Research Skills

With the advent of new technologies and treatment methods, health care organizations

are facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge that needs to be addressed not

only by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders in the business. Ensuring patient

safety is essential for providing quality health care.

As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting voice-recorded reports of

health care professionals into text. Although I am not directly involved in treating patients, any

errors that occur during the transcription process could result in inaccurate documentation of

medical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented the dosage of Lasix as 400 mg

instead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care professional who had dictated

the report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the dosage and correct it, which helped

prevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the incorrect dosage. This incident

helped me realize the importance of preparing accurate documents for ensuring patient safety

and delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues relating to patient safety ever

since.

Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles Using

Summon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Library's databases, I accessed

articles that are carried by databases such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I used

keywords such as “health care issues,” “patient safety,” and “quality of care” to search for peer-

reviewed literature relevant to patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited my

search to scholarly and peer-reviewed journals, choosing “journal article” as the publication type,

“medicine” and “nursing” as the subjects, and articles published within the last five years as the

publication date range.

Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information Sources

To ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles that were published within

the past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were published by authors who were

well-known in the field of health care and had extensive professional experience.

To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant to the topic, I confirmed

that they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues relating to patient safety and quality

care. I also checked whether each information source had a clearly defined purpose and

contained pertinent information about patient safety and quality care.

Annotated Bibliography

Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:

Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.

https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945 This

article provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals have made toward reducing

patient harm and understand the factors that have led to this progress. The authors cite

reports released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the

National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze the occurrence of issues relating

to patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize that improvement in health care

safety for hospitalized patients may have been possible because of reasons such as an

awareness of the importance of improving safety culture with evidence-based

suggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for finding ways to maintain or

accelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to patient harm. They believe that

investing in patient safety research programs and ensuring that patient safety remains a

high priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the number of adverse events.

This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines evidence of reduction in

patient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such harms.

Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcare

quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory science

practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-

proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CP

Q/1?acc ountid=27965

In this article, the authors express their concern about health care professionals,

particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners, being insufficiently trained

to achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified in

2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety practices and concepts in the

MLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-versed in the

abovementioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors conclude that by

focusing on the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future practitioners will be

better equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing MLS. This article

was chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient safety issues and explains

how patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for courses pertaining to

health care, such as MLS, to enable future health care practitioners to provide effective

health care.

Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality

and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/

10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055

This article provides a systematic review of available empirical literature to understand

how health care managers are involved in delivering quality health care and ensuring

patient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that board-level

managers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient safety and quality to

ensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed studies indicate that they spend

much less time than that. The authors also present a quality management input process

output (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers function effectively and

achieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude that there is a need to make

certain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of managers in quality

improvement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it discusses the role of

health care managers in influencing patient safety and quality care outcomes and also

proposes a model to help managers understand this role.

Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellent

health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.

https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC

30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965

This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of patient safety and patient

safety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is complex and patient

safety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care organization. They discuss

some tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture, for example, the Safety

Attitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture Improvement Tool. They also

examine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture, such as ensuring that

patient safety is given as much importance as other core business functions. This article

was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse events relating to patient

safety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a health care organization to

ensure safe patient care.

Learnings from the Research

I gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient safety by going through

peer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my knowledge about patient safety. For

example, after reading the article on improving safety for hospitalized patients by Kronick et al.

(2016), I learned about patient harms (such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections and

pressure ulcers) that I was unaware of before this research. Further, by creating an annotated

bibliography, I was able to build a repository of scholarly resources relating to patient safety.

This will make it easier for me to choose relevant resources while writing the paper on issues

concerning patient safety.

References

Kronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:

Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.

https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945

Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcare

quality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory science

practitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-

proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CP

Q/1?acc ountid=27965

Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in quality

and patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/

10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055

Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellent

health care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.

https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC

30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965

cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf

Applying Ethical Principles

Learner’s Name

Capella University

NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective

Instructor Name

August, 2020

Applying Ethical Principles

Health care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that require

them to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamental

principles of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act as

yardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted in

the field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use these

principles to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.

Overview of the Case Study

Betsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows her

patients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.

Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healing

and discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,

Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomes

unresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20

seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley is

having the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concerned

about the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirley

used to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced to

about 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,

this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain that

Shirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. At

the very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.

Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parents

and Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as

an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. They

stress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she will

be cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religious

faith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,

they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,

which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful that

Betsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute about

going against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethical

dilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in the

matter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.

Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case Study

In the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’

refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. When

Betsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medical

attention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides to

explain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversation

so that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medical

intervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.

Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy is

concerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).

Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case Study

The three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moral

judgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.

Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment

involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Both

moral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the right

action to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizes

the circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by her

decision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believed

that it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes to

resolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles of

health care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as a

health care professional.

Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case Study

Listening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening to

Alice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.

She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers and

faith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.

Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent of

Shirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping her

boundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the information

they need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’s

parents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses the

importance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’s

parents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsy

communicates the situation to them in an effective manner.

During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell are

empathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their

daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so that

he could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients who

have similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decision

if Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learning

difficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,

hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable to

convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.

Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, it

seems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.

However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care while

communicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from this

case study.

Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical Principles

The four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are

often employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to accepting

and understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,

nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patients

fairly without bias.

The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basic

principles of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflict

between the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on the

other. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs and

not coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try to

explain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.

Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the government

to counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could be

considered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to help

Shirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoring

her seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.

Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle of

autonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind

(Baumrucker et al., 2017).

Conclusion

The four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals to

analyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respecting

Shirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health care

professional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding the

principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.

References

Baumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &

Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. American

Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.

http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812

Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:

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