Response 2 2523

100 word response 1 reference/intext citation due 7/17/2024

Braugher

A. Abdominal aorta>Renal artery>Segmental artery>Interlobar artery>Arcuate artery>Cortical radiate artery>Afferent arteriole>Glomerulus>Efferent arteriole>Peritubular capillaries>Cortical radiate vein>Arcuate vein>Interlobar vein>Inferior vena cava.

B. Ureters is a tubular organ about 25 centimeters long that begins at the funnel-shaped renal pelvis. Posteriorly descends to the parietal peritoneum and runs parallel to the vertebral column. 

The urinary bladder stores the urine and forces it into the urethra.

The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

C. In respiratory acidosis, carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood. Respiratory insufficiency can result from factors that hinder alveolar ventilation and the factors are included below:

Injury to the respiratory center of the brainstem resulting in decreased rate and depth of breathing, obstructions in air passages that interfere with air movement into and out of the alveoli and diseases that decrease gas exchange such as pneumonia or emphysema.

Metabolic acidosis is due to either accumulation of non-respiratory acids or loss of bases. Factors that lead to this condition are listed below:

Kidney disease reduces the abilities of the kidneys to excrete the acids produced in metabolism (uremic acidosis), prolonged diarrhea causes loss of alkaline intestinal secretions (especially in infants) and in diabetes mellitus some fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies such as acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone. Normally these molecules are scarce and cells oxidize them as energy sources.