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The Wheatstone Bridge, originally developed by Charles Wheatstone, is the name given to a combination of four resistances connected to give a null center value. It is used to measure unknown resistance values and as a means of calibrating measuring instruments (Wheatstone Bridge, n.d.). These circuits are used inside transducers to convert mechanical strain into an electrical output signal. The basic circuit has four resistive elements which are connected. Most of the time all four resistive elements are active strain gauges to maximize sensitivity of the transducer but there are some cases where two fixed resistors are used with two strain gauges instead (Wheatstone Bridge Strain Gauge, 2019). A Wheatstone Bridge pressure sensor can be configured in many ways for different applications such as, closed, where all resistors are connected; half open, where the bridge is divided into two branches and connected at one end; and full open, where the bridge is divided into two branches which are open at both ends. There is a downside to the Wheatstone Bridge, however. Ideally all of the resistors would be perfectly matched and completely temperature independent, but in the real-world differences exist between the resistance values of each resistor. The temperature changes the resistor values. This is known as the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance or TCR (Dailey, 2015).

A Variable capacitive pressure sensor is a capacitor with variable capacitance. The capacitive transducer is made up of two plates that are separated by a material such as air, or dielectric material. In regular sensor the two plates are fixed but in a variable model the distance between the two plates is variable. The value of the capacitance changes due to the input quantity that is to be measured allowing the change to be easily measured and calibrated against the input quantity thus allowing the input quantity to be measured directly (Khemani, n.d.).  Although most other transducers work well in specific applications, they all have performance limitations. The variable capacitance sensor has the most universal style which provides broader application, greater overall reliability, and few trade-offs than other types.

References

Dailey, M. (2015, 04 10). Wheatstone Bridge. Retrieved from Merit Sensor: https://meritsensor.com/the-wheatstone-bridge/

Khemani, H. (n.d.). How capacitive sensors work. Retrieved from Brightt hub engineering: https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/53147-how-capacitive-transducers-work/

Wheatstone Bridge. (n.d.). Retrieved from Electronics tutorials: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/wheatstone-bridge.html

Wheatstone Bridge Strain Gauge. (2019). Retrieved from Sensors ONE: https://www.sensorsone.com/wheatstone-bridge-strain-gauge/