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I am currently working in a hydroelectric facility in which large amounts of water are taken in to create electricity.  In a hydro plant design, water must be in motion in order to generate electricity.  The intake is where the water enters the penstocks, in which the water travels down these large tunnels and enter the turbine pit.  The wicket gates, control valves, that surround the turbine, control the amount of water flow into the turbine.  The desired amount of power generation is determined by the water flow that is allowed to enter the turbine.  The kinetic energy that is the moving water is then converted into mechanical energy by the prime mover, or turbine. The turbine shaft then turns the rotor of the AC Generator.  In this application, the rotor acts as the field, which has a series of coils and conductors that are then excited, receive a voltage and produce a magnetic flux.  The stator, in this application, acts as the armature, is stationary and surrounds the rotor.  Around the perimeter of the rotor, loops of wire are wrapped around magnetic steel called field poles.  The turbine shaft, driven by the mechanical force of the water entering the turbine, is connected to the rotor.  The field poles mounted on the rotor move past the conductors mounted on the stator, thus causing electricity to generate the voltage output.  

       When producing power in an AC Generator application, two or more generators may be used in parallel order to increase the production of power.  This application is called paralleling and and three conditions must be met before synchronization.  The voltages in the terminals must be equal to prevent high currents from being exchanged between the two units, causing system damage.  Voltmeters are used to help monitor the voltage.  The frequencies, monitored by frequency meters, between the two units must be equal.  If not, the generator with the lower frequency will be picked up as the load, and a condition called motoring can occur, causing the system to overload.  The third condition is that the output voltages must be in phase with one another.  If they are not, large opposing voltages can develope and the higher voltages can cause damage to the system.  In order to accomplish equal phasing, the use of a device called a  synchroscope is used, which senses the two frequencies and indicates any differences.

References

        U.S. Department of Energy. (1992). DOE fundamentals handbook: Electrical science: Volume 3 of 4 (DOE-HDBK-1011/3-92). Washington, D.C.

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