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Unit3ch6.pdf
Reflect and Relate, 6th Edition
Chapter 6: Understanding
Gender
Copyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.
Understanding Gender
We are moving away from gender polarization in which
“virtually every other aspect of human experience” is
connected to male–female sex distinctions.
Nonbinary, gender fluid, or genderqueer
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Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (1 of 3)
Sex: Anatomical, biological distinctions
• External genitalia
• Internal reproductive sex organs
• Hormones
• Chromosomes
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Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (2 of 3)
Gender identity: Deeply felt awareness or inner sense of
being
• A boy, man, or male
• A girl, woman, or female
• An alternative
▪ Genderqueer
▪ Gender-nonconforming
▪ Gender-neutral
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Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity (3 of 3)
Gender: The social, psychological, and behavioral
attributes that a particular culture associates with an
individual’s biological sex
• Beliefs about individual characteristics
o Strength, leadership, emotionality
• Beliefs about roles in society
o Parent, teacher, politician, CEO
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Gender Is Learned
A variety of sources contribute.
• Family and friends
• Schools
• Mass media
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Gender Is Socially Constructed
Primary way we understand gender is by interacting with
others in society, as well as with societal structures.
• Hospitals
• Stores
• Public restrooms
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Doing Gender
Gender is not static.
We cannot opt out of doing gender.
Gender is interactional.
Typical expectation: Gender expression coincides with
sex.
Examples of societal resource for doing gender:
• Public restrooms
• “Lady Doritos”
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Considering Gender Roles
Gender roles: Shared societal expectations for conduct
and behaviors that are deemed appropriate for girls or
women and boys or men
• Girls and boys across the world encounter unequal
gender expectations and stereotypes.
• Differences are socially, not biologically, determined.
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Gender and Verbal Communication
Do differences exist?
Do we focus on the differences or the similarities?
Bulk of recent research suggests a lack of gender
differences in verbal communication.
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Gender and Nonverbal Communication
The ways we use our bodies, voices, faces, and personal
space
• Emotional “mask” for boys and men
How we choose our clothing, accessories, personal
objects
How we convey our emotions
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Gender and Relationships (1 of 3)
Same-sex friendships:
• Are men’s same-sex friendships more “task-based or
activity-orientated” and women’s more “supportive and
disclosive”?
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Gender and Relationships (2 of 3)
Romantic relationships:
• Assumptions:
▪ Heterosexual bias
▪ Men and women completely different
▪ Men and women as homogenous groups
• The Rules: Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
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Gender and Relationships (3 of 3)
Reflecting on gender in our relationships:
• We are never just one category, or piece of ourselves,
but rather the sum total of all of our individual
experiences, cultures, and co-cultures.
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Moving Beyond Gender Stereotypes
Hostile sexism:
• Hostility toward women
• Attitudes like “women are too easily offended”
Benevolent sexism:
• Promotion of traditional roles
• Attitudes like “women should be cherished”
Unit3ch5.pdf
Reflect and Relate, 6th Edition
Chapter 5: Understanding Culture
Copyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin's. All rights reserved.
Understanding Culture
Culture: An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes,
values, and practices shared by a large group of people
Influences: Nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual
orientation, physical abilities, age
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Culture Defined
Culture is:
• Learned
• Communicated
• Layered
• Lived
Intercultural communication: Communicating with
someone from a different culture
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Co-cultures (1 of 2)
In any society, there are groups of people who have more
power than others.
Co-cultural Communication Theory: People who have
more power within a society determine the dominant
culture.
Co-cultures: Members of a society who don’t conform to
the dominant culture
Co-cultural communication: Underrepresented groups
interact with people from the dominant group.
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Co-cultures (2 of 2)
Members of co-cultures develop communication practices
for dealing with members of the dominant culture.
• Use overly polite language.
• Suppress reactions to offensive comments.
• Try to excel to counteract negative stereotypes.
• Conform to negative stereotypes in an exaggerated way.
• Try to act, look, and talk like members of the dominant
culture.
• Openly disparage their own co-culture.
• Express co-cultural identity through appearance,
actions, and words.
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Cultural Identity
Intersectionality: A notion that we are the sum total of
our overlapping experiences, rather than a singular
category
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Prejudice (1 of 2)
Prejudice: When stereotypes reflect rigid attitudes toward
groups and their members
Stereotype Content Model: Prejudice centers on two
judgments about others.
• How warm and friendly they are
• How competent they are
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Prejudice (2 of 2)
• Benevolent prejudice: Thinking of a particular group as
not only inferior but also friendly and competent
• Hostile prejudice: Having negative attitudes toward a
group of individuals we see as unfriendly and
incompetent
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Cultural Influences on Communication
Seven characteristics shape our intercultural
communication.
• Individualism versus collectivism
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Power distance
• High and low context
• Emotion displays
• Masculinity versus femininity
• Views of time
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Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualistic cultures: Value independence and
personal achievement
Collectivistic cultures: Emphasize group identity,
interpersonal harmony, and the well-being of ingroups
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance: Measure of how different
cultures tolerate and accept unpredictability
• High-uncertainty-avoidance: People place value on
control.
• Low-uncertainty-avoidance: People put more
emphasis on letting the future happen without trying to
control it.
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Power Distance (1 of 2)
Power distance: Degree to which people in a particular
culture view the unequal distribution of power as expected
and acceptable
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Power Distance (2 of 2)
High-power-distance: People give privileged treatment
and extreme respect to those in high-status positions.
• Expect individuals of lesser status to behave humbly
around people of higher status
Low-power-distance: People with high status try to
minimize the differences between themselves and lower-
status persons.
• More informality, treating as equals
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High and Low Context
High-context cultures: Use relatively vague and
ambiguous language to convey important meanings
Low-context cultures: Tend not to presume that others
share their beliefs, attitudes, and values, so they strive
to be clear and direct in communication
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Emotion Displays
Display rules: Cultural guidelines for when, where, and
how people should and shouldn’t express emotion
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Masculinity versus Femininity
Masculine cultural values: Accumulation of personal
wealth, assertiveness, and personal achievement
indicative of success
Feminine cultural values: Compassion, cooperation,
relationship health, and quality of life for all people
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Views of Time
• Cultures with a monochronic time orientation view
time as a precious resource that can run out.
• Cultures with a polychronic time orientation view
time as flexible, not as a resource to be spent, saved,
or guarded.
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Creating Intercultural Competence
Intercultural competence: The ability to communicate
appropriately, effectively, and ethically with people from
diverse backgrounds
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World-Mindedness
World-mindedness: The ability to accept and respect
other cultures’ beliefs, values, and customs
Ethnocentrism: The belief that one’s own cultural beliefs,
attitudes, values, and practices are superior to others’
• The opposite of world-mindedness
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Attributional Complexity
Attributional complexity: Acknowledging that other
people’s behaviors have complex causes
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Communication Accommodation
Communication accommodation theory: People adapt
their communication when:
• They seek social approval
• They wish to establish relationships
• They view others’ language use as appropriate