all patho

Instructions: Discussions only

1. Your primary post should be at least 200 words long and should include reference to the textbook or another course resource using APA 7th edition format. Your primary post is due by Wednesday at midnight ET.

Discussion Topic: Lesson 7

Disorders of Cardiac Function, and Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock

Martha had just finished dinner with her husband, and they had just sat down to watch television. She is 72 years old and has had a history of angina. Shortly after they sat down, Martha said she had indigestion and went to take some antacid tablets. An hour later, she began to feel warm, restless, and anxious. Her husband noticed she was looking pale and said he would take her to a nearby walk-in clinic. By the time they arrived, Martha said her left arm and shoulder were sore. Suspecting Martha was having a heart attack, her husband turned the car around and rushed her to the hospital. Three hours after the onset of her symptoms, Martha was receiving oxygen, fibrinolytic therapy, and nitroglycerin in the emergency ward. Afterward, she was moved to the cardiac unit for STEMI (Chapter 27, Learning Objectives 5 and 6).

1. An ECG of Martha’s heart demonstrated an elevated ST segment. What are the physiologic effects of myocardial ischemia that produce this finding? What variables affect the ECG tracing of a patient with ACS?

2. What are the benefits of administering fibrinolytic therapy, nitroglycerin, and oxygen in the early management of STEMI?

3. What is the inflammatory response in the postinfarction recovery period? Why will Martha’s heart function be compromised after her STEMI?

Instructions:

1. Your primary post should be at least 200 words long and should include reference to the textbook or another course resource using APA 7th edition format. Your primary post is due by Wednesday at midnight ET.

Discussion Topic: Lesson 9

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Will is a 68-year-old male with a history of hypertension. Eight months ago, he started regular dialysis therapy for ESRD. Before that, his physician was closely monitoring his condition because he had polyuria and nocturia. Soon it became difficult to manage his hypertension. He also lost his appetite, became weak, easily fatigued, and had edema around his ankles. Will debated with his physician about starting dialysis, but she insisted, before the signs and symptoms of uremia increased, the treatment was absolutely necessary (Chapter 34, Learning Objectives 1 to 4).

1. What is the difference between azotemia and uremia?

2. Two years ago, Will’s physician told him to decrease his protein intake. In spite of what the physician ordered, Will could not stop having chicken, beef, pork, or eggs at least once a day. Why did his physician warn him about his diet?

3. Will’s feelings of weakness and fatigue are symptoms of anemia. Why is he anemic?

4. Knowing what you do about Will’s history, why is left ventricular dysfunction a concern for his physician?

Instructions:

1. Your primary post should be at least 200 words long and should include reference to the textbook or another course resource using APA 7th edition format. Your primary post is due by Wednesday at midnight ET.

Lesson 10 Discussion

Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function

Marcee is a 52-year-old woman who worked at a reception desk at a company head office. She took some time off when she was treated for colorectal cancer. The Dukes classification was stage I, and the treatment protocol involved surgery and radiation therapy. No one in her family had a history of the disease. Marcee does not drink or smoke, but she does not pay close attention to her diet. At work, her meals consisted mainly of the foods she got from vending machines at the cafeteria. At home, she preferred to heat up frozen dinners or any prepackaged food that required minimal preparation time (Chapter 37, Learning Objective 9).

1. Review Marcee’s diet. What factors in her dietary choices might contribute to the development of colorectal cancer?

2. Colorectal cancer often arises from adenomatous polyps. What are the development and histologic features of these polyps?

3. Colorectal cancer may be a complication in individuals with ulcerative colitis. How are the “pseudopolyps” seen in this disease different from the polyps discussed above?

4. Why is a fecal occult blood test used as one of the screening tools for colorectal cancer? Explain the procedure for administering the test.

Instructions:

1. Your primary post should be at least 200 words long and should include reference to the textbook or another course resource using APA 7th edition format. Your primary post is due by Wednesday at midnight ET.

Lesson 13 Discussion

Fifty-nine–year-old Ray is complaining of a nagging discomfort in his buttocks and hips. It started about 6 weeks ago and is now interfering with his sleep. Ray says that when he lies down, the discomfort gets worse, so he often gets up in the middle of the night to walk around to get relief. He also describes a sciatic-like pain that occurs intermittently but states, “it goes from one side to another” (Chapter 50, Learning Objectives 2, 5, 6).

1. How is the inflammatory response associated with this skeletal disorder?

2. If Ray starts to complain of similar symptoms in other joints, what will you need to consider

Lesson 14 Discussion

Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function

Leonard works in the agriculture industry and raises beef cattle. At 60 years of age, he has spent most of his life working outdoors harvesting hay and tending to his herds. His wife was the first to notice a change in his skin. One day, after taking off his shirt, she noticed a significant change in the mole he had on his right shoulder. It not only was darker but was moist and appeared to have been bleeding at one point. Surrounding the mole, his skin was red. His wife remembered hearing stories of Leonard working on his father’s farm, spending long hours out in the hot sun even though his father had gone into the barn to work during the hottest part of the day. She insisted him go to the family physician to have it examined (Chapter 52, Learning Objectives 10 and 11).

1. Leonard’s physician performed a biopsy on the lesion and told Leonard he suspected the growth may be malignant melanoma. What cells are affected in this form of skin cancer? How might his childhood exposures to the sun predispose him to this form of cancer?

2. How do UVA and UVB rays contribute to the process of oncogenesis in skin cells?

3. The mole on Leonard’s shoulder was a exocellular nevus. What are the cellular composition and appearance of this type of mole before it underwent malignant change?

Lesson 9 Concept Map

Create a concept map for  one of the topics from the list below: 

· Acute Renal Failure

· Polycystic Kidney Disease - Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

· End Stage Renal Failure

· Pyelonephritis

The content of the concept map must include:

· pathophysiology

· definition

· etiology

· risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable)

· causative factors

· common signs and symptoms for the disease

· labs & diagnostic tests

· nursing interventions

· medical treatment

· complications of the disease

· patient & family education

· 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format

What is a concept map? 

A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.).  What is a Concept Map?  https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-mapLinks to an external site.

·

Lesson 7 Concept Map

Create a concept map for  one of the topics from the list below: 

· Congenital Defects

· Coronary Artery Disease

· Heart Failure (left-sided vs. right sided)

· Hypertension

The content of the concept map must include:

· pathophysiology

· definition

· etiology

· risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable)

· causative factors

· common signs and symptoms for the disease

· labs & diagnostic tests

· nursing interventions

· medical treatment

· complications of the disease

· patient & family education

· 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format

What is a concept map? 

A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.).  What is a Concept Map?  https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-mapLinks to an external site.

Lesson 11 Concept Map

Create a concept map for  one of the topics from the list below: 

· Diabetes Mellitus

· Diabetes Insipidus

· Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism

· Metabolic Syndrome

· Cushing’s Syndrome

The content of the concept map must include:

· pathophysiology

· definition

· etiology

· risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable)

· causative factors

· common signs and symptoms for the disease

· labs & diagnostic tests

· nursing interventions

· medical treatment

· complications of the disease

· patient & family education

· 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format

What is a concept map? 

A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.).  What is a Concept Map?  https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-mapLinks to an external site.

·

· Lesson 13 Concept Map

Create a concept map for  one of the topics from the list below: 

· Breast Cancer

· Cervical Cancer

· Erectile Dysfunction

· Fibroid Uterus

· Prostate Cancer

· Ovarian Cancer

· Sexually Transmitted Disease

The content of the concept map must include:

· pathophysiology

· definition

· etiology

· risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable)

· causative factors

· common signs and symptoms for the disease

· labs & diagnostic tests

· nursing interventions

· medical treatment

· complications of the disease

· patient & family education

· 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format

What is a concept map? 

A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.).  What is a Concept Map?  https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-map

· Lesson 14 Concept Map

Create a concept map for  one of the topics from the list below: 

· Burns

· Acne

· Psoriasis

· Skin Cancer

The content of the concept map must include:

· pathophysiology

· definition

· etiology

· risk factors (genetic predisposition and environment factors if applicable)

· causative factors

· common signs and symptoms for the disease

· labs & diagnostic tests

· nursing interventions

· medical treatment

· complications of the disease

· patient & family education

· 4-6 references using APA 7th ed. format

What is a concept map? 

A concept map is a visual representation of an overarching topic and the relationships between individual ideas, images, or words that lend themselves to the larger picture. Using designated shapes, as well as labeled lines and arrows, concept maps can depict cause and effect, requirements, and contributions between items. Concept maps are ideal for developing logical thinking, dissecting complex systems, and contextualizing specific ideas within larger topics. Source: Lucidspark. (n.d.).  What is a Concept Map?  https://lucidspark.com/blog/what-is-a-concept-map