Personal Growth

Module 2 Theories in Human Development and Growth PSYC 205 Personal Growth and Development

Objectives At the end of the module, the student will be able to:

Identify different theoretical models that explore the stages of human development in Psychology.

Determine the relationship between parenting, culture, and other factors in children's cognitive development.

Introduction

This week, we will focus on Theories on Human Growth and Development. Every individual goes through physical and emotional maturation throughout their life. Psychology studies the human being in all its stages and has proposed various study perspectives to understand the process and how it influences its progress. Children's development is of particular importance because of its impact on adulthood.

 Developmental psychology studies patterns of growth and change during life and asks how environmental and hereditary causes influence development (Feldman, 2017). How much is related to the internal (inherited), and how much is related to the external (life experiences)?

 Had you heard of behavioral genetics? Experts in this area have found evidence that we have a genetic inheritance that predisposes us to respond in particular ways. But not everything comes from heredity, since our interaction with the world during the different stages has a great influence.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

Example:

 There may be a genetic predisposition and talent for the Puerto

Rican tennis players and sisters, Adriana and Melanie Díaz. But

would they have become some of the best in the world if they

hadn't had the parenting, support, and practice structure that their

family provided them?

What other example can you think of?

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 The stages of development can be summarized in a general way in prenatal

development, newborn and childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Of

the best-known theories, they are:

 Psychoanalytic theories

o S. Freud and psychosexual theory: The main motivator of behavior has its

origin in the unconscious and the residues of childhood. It focuses on sexual

origin and self-preservation, just as it states that we are continually seeking

satisfaction.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 E. Erikson and psychosocial theory: It proposes a vision of development that encompasses the

complete life cycle. It explains it as a hierarchy; each stage is a continuous development process and

involves increasing internal differentiation and complexity. The basic premises are:

 The human personality develops according to the individual’s capacity for progress and success in the

social sphere in different stages.

 Society contributes to stimulating the development of potential and virtues according to the pace of

development.

 Theories of cognitive development

 J. Piaget and cognitive development: Children go through four stages. The stages are distinguished

by the amount of information obtained and the quality of that knowledge. He proposed four stages:

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, and logical-formal operations.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 Development in children

 Some of the most important stages in the individual's personal development are childhood and adolescence.

Parenting styles, culture, relationships with others, and the formation of selfesteem are just some of the

important factors to consider when analyzing the impact on development.

 Historical reference information:

 Stanley Hall (1864-1924): Some consider him the founder of the child study movement; Darwin influenced him.

He developed his theory from the idea that the child repeats a species’ evolutionary history and emphasizes the

importance of developing scientific development in children.

 Alfred Binet (1857-1911): Psychologist and pedagogue, known for his studies of intelligence and creation of the

first psychometric measurement scales. For Binet, intelligence was to be considered independent of the

phenomena of sensitivity, emotion, and will.

 Arnold Gessell (1880-1961): Believed that maturation was the primary force in the child’s development, he

focused on describing children and parents (with characteristics related to their development and upbringing).

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 Development in children  The child’s social development is directly related to his attachment with others. Attachment is the positive emotional bond between a child and another person; it is considered an important way to develop socially (Feldman, 2017). It is understood that the type of attachment that the child creates, which the other party also influences, defines much of his development.  Some experts who contributed greatly to the scientific study of this phenomenon are Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

(Feldman, 2017)

Development in children  Parenting styles are another important factor influencing the child’s social development. According to

research by Diana Baumrind (cited in Feldman, 2017), there are four categories to describe them:  Authoritarian parents: Rigid and punitive, they value unconditional obedience without questioning. It can

cause the child to be asocial and withdrawn.  Permissive parents: Inconsistent, demand little from them, very relaxed. It can cause the child to be

immature, dependent, impulsive.  Democratic parents: Firm and set boundaries, provide independence, and encourage critical

reasoning/analysis. It can cause the child to be social, confident, independent.  Negligent parents: They have little interest in their children; they become emotionally disengaged and can

reach extreme abuse through neglect. It can cause the child to show indifferent behavior and rejection.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

(Feldman, 2017)

 Classic: See "The Strange Situation" (1969), by Mary Ainsworth. It is a famous study in Developmental Psychology on attachment. General explanation in this video: https://youtu.be/m_6rQk7jlrc

 Latest: Dr. Gopnik talks about what babies think. His research focuses on the intelligence and decision-making of babies when playing. See his talk in this link: https://www.ted.com/talks/alison_gopnik_what_do_babies_think

Do you know of other similar studies?

Examples

Summary  In this module, you learned about Theories on Human Growth and Development. Psychology studies the human being in all its stages and has proposed various study perspectives to understand the process and how it influences its progress. The stages of development can be summarized in a general way in prenatal development, newborn and childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Behavioral genetics suggests that we have a genetic inheritance that predisposes us to respond in particular ways, but not everything comes from heredity. Parenting styles, culture, relationships with others, and building self-esteem are also important factors to consider when analyzing the impact on development. Stanley Hall (1864-1924) was the founder of the movement of the study of the child, influenced by Darwin.

 Alfred Binet (1857-1911) and Arnold Gessell (1880-1961) believed that maturation was the primary force in the child's development. Attachment is the positive emotional bond between a child and another person and has been scientifically studied. It has been found that children who have a secure attachment to their mothers display greater social and emotional ability than those with evasive, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment. Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:  Identify different theoretical models that explore the stages of human development in Psychology.  Determine the relationship between parenting, culture, and other factors in children's cognitive development.

Next week, we move on to Motivation and Personal Growth. If you have any outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to clarify.

References Allen, B. P. (2005). Personality theories: Development, growth, and diversity (5th ed.). Psychology Press

Beckett, C., & Taylor, H. (2019). Human growth and development (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Cameron, N., & Schell, L. (2021). Human growth and development (3rd ed.). Academic Press. References (Translated from Spanish Resources)

Faas, A. E. (2017). Psicología del desarrollo de la niñez. Editorial Brujas. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Feldman, R. S. (2017). Psicología con aplicaciones de américa latina (12ma ed.). McGraw Hill. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder (includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify any questions.

Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.

Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational platform.

Congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:

Module 2 Theories in Human Development and Growth PSYC 205 Personal Growth and Development

Objectives At the end of the module, the student will be able to:

Identify different theoretical models that explore the stages of human development in Psychology.

Determine the relationship between parenting, culture, and other factors in children's cognitive development.

Introduction

This week, we will focus on Theories on Human Growth and Development. Every individual goes through physical and emotional maturation throughout their life. Psychology studies the human being in all its stages and has proposed various study perspectives to understand the process and how it influences its progress. Children's development is of particular importance because of its impact on adulthood.

 Developmental psychology studies patterns of growth and change during life and asks how environmental and hereditary causes influence development (Feldman, 2017). How much is related to the internal (inherited), and how much is related to the external (life experiences)?

 Had you heard of behavioral genetics? Experts in this area have found evidence that we have a genetic inheritance that predisposes us to respond in particular ways. But not everything comes from heredity, since our interaction with the world during the different stages has a great influence.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

Example:

 There may be a genetic predisposition and talent for the Puerto

Rican tennis players and sisters, Adriana and Melanie Díaz. But

would they have become some of the best in the world if they

hadn't had the parenting, support, and practice structure that their

family provided them?

What other example can you think of?

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 The stages of development can be summarized in a general way in prenatal

development, newborn and childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Of

the best-known theories, they are:

 Psychoanalytic theories

o S. Freud and psychosexual theory: The main motivator of behavior has its

origin in the unconscious and the residues of childhood. It focuses on sexual

origin and self-preservation, just as it states that we are continually seeking

satisfaction.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 E. Erikson and psychosocial theory: It proposes a vision of development that encompasses the

complete life cycle. It explains it as a hierarchy; each stage is a continuous development process and

involves increasing internal differentiation and complexity. The basic premises are:

 The human personality develops according to the individual’s capacity for progress and success in the

social sphere in different stages.

 Society contributes to stimulating the development of potential and virtues according to the pace of

development.

 Theories of cognitive development

 J. Piaget and cognitive development: Children go through four stages. The stages are distinguished

by the amount of information obtained and the quality of that knowledge. He proposed four stages:

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, and logical-formal operations.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 Development in children

 Some of the most important stages in the individual's personal development are childhood and adolescence.

Parenting styles, culture, relationships with others, and the formation of selfesteem are just some of the

important factors to consider when analyzing the impact on development.

 Historical reference information:

 Stanley Hall (1864-1924): Some consider him the founder of the child study movement; Darwin influenced him.

He developed his theory from the idea that the child repeats a species’ evolutionary history and emphasizes the

importance of developing scientific development in children.

 Alfred Binet (1857-1911): Psychologist and pedagogue, known for his studies of intelligence and creation of the

first psychometric measurement scales. For Binet, intelligence was to be considered independent of the

phenomena of sensitivity, emotion, and will.

 Arnold Gessell (1880-1961): Believed that maturation was the primary force in the child’s development, he

focused on describing children and parents (with characteristics related to their development and upbringing).

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

 Development in children  The child’s social development is directly related to his attachment with others. Attachment is the positive emotional bond between a child and another person; it is considered an important way to develop socially (Feldman, 2017). It is understood that the type of attachment that the child creates, which the other party also influences, defines much of his development.  Some experts who contributed greatly to the scientific study of this phenomenon are Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

(Feldman, 2017)

Development in children  Parenting styles are another important factor influencing the child’s social development. According to

research by Diana Baumrind (cited in Feldman, 2017), there are four categories to describe them:  Authoritarian parents: Rigid and punitive, they value unconditional obedience without questioning. It can

cause the child to be asocial and withdrawn.  Permissive parents: Inconsistent, demand little from them, very relaxed. It can cause the child to be

immature, dependent, impulsive.  Democratic parents: Firm and set boundaries, provide independence, and encourage critical

reasoning/analysis. It can cause the child to be social, confident, independent.  Negligent parents: They have little interest in their children; they become emotionally disengaged and can

reach extreme abuse through neglect. It can cause the child to show indifferent behavior and rejection.

Topic 1: Theories on Human Development and Growth

(Feldman, 2017)

 Classic: See "The Strange Situation" (1969), by Mary Ainsworth. It is a famous study in Developmental Psychology on attachment. General explanation in this video: https://youtu.be/m_6rQk7jlrc

 Latest: Dr. Gopnik talks about what babies think. His research focuses on the intelligence and decision-making of babies when playing. See his talk in this link: https://www.ted.com/talks/alison_gopnik_what_do_babies_think

Do you know of other similar studies?

Examples

Summary  In this module, you learned about Theories on Human Growth and Development. Psychology studies the human being in all its stages and has proposed various study perspectives to understand the process and how it influences its progress. The stages of development can be summarized in a general way in prenatal development, newborn and childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Behavioral genetics suggests that we have a genetic inheritance that predisposes us to respond in particular ways, but not everything comes from heredity. Parenting styles, culture, relationships with others, and building self-esteem are also important factors to consider when analyzing the impact on development. Stanley Hall (1864-1924) was the founder of the movement of the study of the child, influenced by Darwin.

 Alfred Binet (1857-1911) and Arnold Gessell (1880-1961) believed that maturation was the primary force in the child's development. Attachment is the positive emotional bond between a child and another person and has been scientifically studied. It has been found that children who have a secure attachment to their mothers display greater social and emotional ability than those with evasive, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment. Now that you have completed the work, you are prepared to:  Identify different theoretical models that explore the stages of human development in Psychology.  Determine the relationship between parenting, culture, and other factors in children's cognitive development.

Next week, we move on to Motivation and Personal Growth. If you have any outstanding questions about what you learned this week, please add them to the Course Question and Answer Forum for your professor to clarify.

References Allen, B. P. (2005). Personality theories: Development, growth, and diversity (5th ed.). Psychology Press

Beckett, C., & Taylor, H. (2019). Human growth and development (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Cameron, N., & Schell, L. (2021). Human growth and development (3rd ed.). Academic Press. References (Translated from Spanish Resources)

Faas, A. E. (2017). Psicología del desarrollo de la niñez. Editorial Brujas. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Feldman, R. S. (2017). Psicología con aplicaciones de américa latina (12ma ed.). McGraw Hill. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder (includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify any questions.

Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.

Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational platform.

Congratulations you have reviewed the theoretical summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that: