PADM530Wk8

References

Saint-Germain, M. (2002) Decision-Making in Public Policy. California State University, Long Beach. Retrieved from

http://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa590/decision.htm.

Theories of Public Policy

During this semester, we have examined some theories of public policy. Some of the most common include those listed below.

• Elite Theory

• Group Theory

• Institutional Theory

• Rational Choice Theory

• Political Systems Theory

Overview

Welcome to Week 8.

We close our class by discussing policy con�icts, incremental decision making,

evaluating policies, and engagement of citizens in the policy making and

implementation processes. 

Course Objectives

01 CO1: Evaluate the theoretical basis of policymaking process.

02 CO3: Appraise the relationship of public policy to politics.

03 CO4: Evaluate the policymaking process.

04 CO5: Evaluate the processes of implementation and regulation.

05 CO6: Assess the role of citizens in policy making and implementation.

Conclusion

As we have learned in the course, public policy involves many factors and can encompass many topics. It is a part in virtually every aspect of

American life. However, of all the steps and stakeholders, United States citizens are the most important.

Policy Criteria

Speci�c criteria used to compare how well various alternatives meet the goals are as follows:

In addition to those mentioned above, �ve other additional criteria could be used:

E�ectiveness - measures how well a policy achieves its goal; •

E�ciency - measures the cost of a policy in relation to its expected bene�ts; and •

Fairness- measures the level of fairness in the distribution of costs and bene�ts—that is, who pays the costs and who reaps the bene�ts. •

Ethics - measures the consistency of the policy with cultural norms; •

Political feasibility- measures the level of acceptance of a proposed policy by elected o�cials; •

Social acceptability - measures the level of public acceptance and support of a proposed policy; •

Administrative feasibility- measures the ability to implement a proposed policy; •

Technical feasibility- measures the availability and reliability of the technology needed to implement a proposed policy. •

Maintainability- measures how long the policy can be continued without additional funding sources. •

Policy Analysis

Policy analysis must weigh evidence against opinion. This may make it di�cult for those who cannot separate the two. In addition to the numbers of

citizens who are helped and harmed, it is important to include other things, such as giving special thought to long-term consequences and

unintended consequences as well as short-term consequences.

Policy analysis requires the individual to identify options, compare options, examine everything from multiple perspectives, and determine possible

outcomes. Subject matter experts, citizens, and economists can all help with the undertaking of concepts to be analyzed.

There are steps that must be taken to do this well.

Close All Panels

The �rst step in conducting a policy analysis is to de�ne and analyze the problem.

Step 1

The second step is to construct policy alternatives.

Step 2

The third step is to develop evaluative criteria.

Step 3

The fourth step is to assess policy alternatives.

Step 4

The �nal step is to draw conclusions from the results of the analysis.

Step 5

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https://apus.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/01APUS_INST/01APUS_INST:01APUS??url_ver=Z39.88- 2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aabiglobal&atitle=Evidence- based+policymaking+and+the+public+interest%3A+lessons+in+legitimacy&title=The+Town+Planning+Review&issn=00410020&date=2015- 03- 01&volume=86&issue=2&spage=133&au=McKay%2C+Stephen%3BMurray%2C+Michael%3BMacIntyre%2C+Sean%3BKashyap%2C+Anil&isbn

Abstract This paper draws upon an analysis of operational planning to highlight the centrality of ethics in praxis. In this context, political liberalism is particularly helpful in developing a deeper understanding of the activities of those engaged in planning decision making. At the most basic level, it demonstrates the importance of not only using shared liberal values as the foundation for public discourses, but also achieving consensus through the development of an inclusive evidence base, derived from both lay and professional knowledge. Though it has limitations, political liberalism provides a practical critique, enabling judgements to be made on problems which pervade operational planning practice and an evaluation to be conducted of the dynamic between, and actions of, participants.

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Evidence-based policymaking and the public interest: lessons in legitimacy McKay, Stephen; Murray, Michael; MacIntyre, Sean; Kashyap, Anil. The Town Planning Review; Liverpool Vol. 86, Iss. 2, (2015): 133- 154. DOI:10.3828/tpr.2015.9

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https://apus.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/01APUS_INST/01APUS_INST:01APUS??url_ver=Z39.88- 2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aabiglobal&atitle=Degrees+of+Engagement%3A+Using+Cult 02-01&volume=43&issue=1&spage=44&au=Trousset%2C+Sarah%3BGupta%2C+Kuhika%3BJenkins- Smith%2C+Hank%3BSilva%2C+Carol+L%3BHerron%2C+Kerry&isbn=&jtitle=Policy+Studies+Journal&btitle=&rft_id=info:eric/&rft_id=info:do

Abstract Scholars have been studying the concept of public engagement and its role in the policy process for some time. Scholars have argued that understanding the interests and motivations of the public and engaging them in the decision-making process can lead to better policy designs and, ultimately, better policy outcomes. However, studies of public engagement often assume that people have a desire to get involved in the policy process. This paper tests this key assumption using the case of nuclear facility siting in the United States to ask: what factors influence an individual's stated willingness to want to engage in the policy process? Using data from a national web survey fielded in 2013, we ask the public if and to what extent they would likely engage in the siting process if given the opportunity. Findings indicate that the likelihood of engagement varies rather substantially across individuals. We find that an individual's cultural belief system and existing level of political activity account for some of this variation. These findings suggest that public engagement programs may vary across groups and communities. In other words, the prospects of engagement are likely to appeal to some members of the population and not others.

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Degrees of Engagement: Using Cultural Worldviews to Explain Variations in Public Preferences for Engagement in the Policy Process Trousset, Sarah; Gupta, Kuhika; Jenkins-Smith, Hank; Silva, Carol L; Herron, Kerry. Policy Studies Journal; Washington Vol. 43, Iss. 1, (Feb 2015): 44-69. DOI:10.1111/psj.12083

Citizen Engagement in Policymaking

Citizen participation in decision-making, especially on the local level, is an important part of a democratic society. Citizen participation improves

government transparency and holds government leaders accountable for their actions. This is true between elections as well as during elections.

Decentralization of government is one of the best ways to involve citizens in decision-making. The stronger the relationship between citizens and their

elected o�cials, the more successful democratic society will be. In addition to elections, meetings between citizens and o�cials can help ensure trust

is built between citizens and o�cials.