OSHA IV JL

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Identify occupational hazards commonly encountered in industry. 2.1 Discuss the principles of machine guarding.

3. Apply hazard identification and analysis techniques to workplace scenarios.

3.1 Use the hierarchy of controls concept to select appropriate hazard control strategies. 3.2 Explain the purpose and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the workplace.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 9: Personal Protective Equipment Chapter 13: Machine Safeguarding Unit Lesson Unit III introduced the process of completing a job hazard analysis (JHA). The unit content described how a JHA can be applied to identify the distinct types of hazards that a job scenario may present. Hazards with an unacceptable level of risk must be mitigated with the application of hazard controls. These controls are applied using a methodology commonly referred to as the hierarchy of controls. In this unit, the concept of hazard controls and the application of the hierarchy of controls will be discussed in detail. When applying the hierarchy of controls methodology, the first steps employed are elimination, then substitution, as shown below. Initial attempts are made to eliminate workplace hazards or to substitute another process, material, or chemical to reduce the risk of the hazard.

UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE Hazard Controls

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

If this is not possible, the methodology continues with a requirement to assess the hazard using engineering controls to engineer out the hazard. This puts a physical, mechanical, or other method in place to isolate the hazard, removing the employee’s exposure to it. If this is ineffective or cannot be done, administrative controls are applied next. This is an attempt to manage the employee’s exposure to the hazard through procedures and various communication methods such as posting caution signs. If all other methods are not possible or fail to reduce the risk to an acceptable level, the last step in the methodology is to apply personal protective equipment (PPE). Once a hazard with an unacceptable level of risk has been identified, the process of identifying acceptable controls can begin. The first step in defining the controls that should be applied is reviewing critical information related to the process and equipment involved. This could include the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications, company-specific safety and health requirements, and site-specific operating procedures. This information will provide a baseline for the minimum level of controls that will be necessary to ensure compliance with both internal and external requirements. This is a critical step; control methods must be, at a minimum, compliant with internal and external standards. For example, when attempting to apply controls to specific equipment such as a mechanical power press, OSHA has standards under OSHA Laws and Regulations, 29 CFR § 1910.217 (1975) for mechanical power presses, which list specific requirements. Any hazard control methodology must at least meet these minimum requirements. In addition, the manufacturer of the mechanical power press will likely outline mandatory safety and health requirements—such as guarding, operator training, and PPE—and provide them with the

The hierarchy of controls, represented by the above graphic, is used to determine effective, feasible means for controlling or eliminating employee exposure to job hazards. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

equipment. These requirements must be included in the control methodology as well. Finally, the organization is likely to have its own safety and health requirements, either at an organizational or site-specific level, which must also be addressed to maintain consistency. Non-mandatory information including industry consensus standards, publications from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and information from professional organizations such as the American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) can be used to identify additional options for controls.

The next step should be to discuss the hazard and the control options identified as part of the first step with the employees performing the job. The employees will be able to provide input concerning whether or not the required controls are currently in place and, if they are, whether or not they are effective. If these controls are determined to be missing, they must be put into place immediately to ensure compliance with the internal and external requirements. The employees should also be included in discussions regarding the feasibility of any additional non-mandatory controls. The critical question to answer is whether these controls allow employees to perform their job efficiently with an acceptable level of risk. If, at the end of this step, the hazard still has not been reduced to an acceptable level of risk, additional controls must be identified by applying the hierarchy of controls. Assuming that all required controls are in place and the non-mandatory controls have been applied to the extent feasible, it is now time to identify controls specific to the job scenario in order to obtain an acceptable level of risk. The first question that must always be asked is: can the hazard be eliminated? In most cases, the answer is no unless the process, equipment, materials, or chemicals causing the hazard can be removed. The next option is to substitute a less hazardous process, equipment, material, or chemical. In many cases, this can be done with the procurement of new equipment or through a change in design specifications that would permit the use of less hazardous materials. If these options are not feasible, the focus should then shift to isolating the hazard and eliminating employee exposure. This can include application of engineering controls.

Employees performing jobs requiring hazard controls are an excellent source of information concerning whether controls are in place as well as how effective any controls may be in mitigating or eliminating hazards.

(Ahsan2018)

(Rossignol, 2017)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

Click on each of the following links to see the images and access more information on each indicated topic (these are also linked in the unit resource section).

• Type “A” Gate Operation—animated example of a mechanical interlock for which the guard is interlocked to the press so that they operate in unison.

• “Two-Hand Trips”—an example of remote operating controls for which both hands must be used to press two buttons, thereby ensuring that the employees’ hands are out of danger.

• Fixed Barrier Guard on a Power Press—animated example of applying physical barriers such as guards.

• “What Can Be Done to Reduce the Hazard From Noise?”—discussion of controls and physical methods to reduce noise.

If isolating the hazard through physical changes is not feasible, the next method is isolating the employee from the hazard. This can be accomplished by reducing exposure through administrative controls. The main difference between engineering and administrative controls is that engineering controls do not rely on human performance to be effective, while administrative controls do. Administrative controls isolate the employee from the hazard through standard operating procedures and signage in the workplace, both of which must be followed by the employees to be effective. This requires that employees are properly trained, can remember, and will always adhere to the requirements outlined in the procedures. Because of this, administrative controls introduce a higher likelihood of failure than engineering controls. If the level of risk is still unacceptable after considering elimination and substitution and applying engineering and administrative controls, PPE should be applied. PPE is the least desired control method—through its application, it indicates acceptance of the fact the employees are being exposed to the hazard, indicating that the hazard could not be isolated. For PPE to be effective, it must be the appropriate type and be used correctly by the employee. It is important to note that, in most cases, more than one type of control will be required to reach an acceptable level of risk. In some cases, a combination of engineering and administrative controls can be applied, and PPE may still be required in order to reduce the risk hazard.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the least effective control— for example, these safety glasses covered in dust indicate that the employees wearing them were exposed to the dust. Ideally, the dust (hazard) should be isolated before it contacts and potentially harms employees.

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

An example of this would be implementation of a combination of controls to reduce the risk of health hazards from exposure to welding fumes. It is possible that even after substituting a less hazardous type of welding material and applying localized exhaust ventilation as engineering controls, an administrative control to reduce exposure in the form of limiting how long the employee can weld may need to be applied. In addition, PPE in the form of a respirator might be needed. When applying several types of controls, you need to focus not only on reducing the level of risk to the employees performing the job, but also on striving to ensure that a new risk is not introduced for them or other employees. An example of this would be if the localized exhaust ventilation

applied in the welding example above vented the contaminated air into another environment where employees were working, thereby exposing the other employees to the health hazards posed by that air. Once controls are identified, a plan for implementation must be developed. The controls should be prioritized based on the hazards they are addressing and the level of risk reduction that they offer, with the hazards posing the highest risk getting priority. A schedule should be developed that allocates resources, assigns responsibility, and sets a date for implementation. As mentioned previously, all mandatory controls must be implemented immediately, along with those that would address any significant or serous risks. After implementation, follow-up actions should be taken to ensure that the identified controls have been implemented and are effective. For example, put preventative maintenance procedures into place for all engineering controls in order to periodically test them and perform inspections. If they are controlling a health- based risk, perform routine exposure assessments under the guidance of an industrial hygienist to ensure that they are effectively reducing the risk. Assess training programs at some frequency to ensure that they are up to date and contain the correct content for the established administrative controls. Conduct behavior-based observations and field audits to determine the effectiveness of the training and to verify that the administrative controls are being followed. This unit addressed the process for recommending controls for workplace hazards. It explained the importance of applying the controls required by internal and external standards as well as those required by the OEM. The hierarchy of controls methodology was introduced, discussing the limitations that exist with the lower levels, specifically administrative controls and PPE. An example of how numerous controls are often used concurrently was provided using a job scenario that involved welding. It was also stressed that recommended controls cannot introduce a new hazard. The critical nature of following up with controls in order to ensure their effectiveness was discussed.

A combination of controls may sometimes be needed in order to reduce health risks posed by exposure to weld fumes. (Wright, 2016)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 6

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

References Ahsan, S. (2018, July 6). Industry work [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/LymIqp2n7GQ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (n.d.). Hierarchy of controls [Graphic]. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/images/HierarchyControls.jpg

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Machinery

and machine guarding: Mechanical power presses (OSHA Standard No. 1910.217). United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.217

Rossignol, M. (2017, May 24). Working on car lock [Photograph]. Unsplash.

https://unsplash.com/photos/hPu4m_Q4zKE Wright, P. (2016, June 24). Two welders at work [Photograph]. Unsplash.

https://unsplash.com/photos/n1RJ7pXgGTE Suggested Unit Resources In order to access the following resources, click the links below. Read pp. 20–23 in the following article. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016). Recommended practices for safety and health

programs (OSHA Report No. 3885). https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/docs/OSHA_SHP_Recommended_Practices.pdf

The following four images are also listed in the unit lesson. They all come from OSHA’s Machine Guarding eTool resources. Review only the animated images on the following two webpages. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Type “A” gate operation [Animation]. United States

Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/etools/machine-guarding/presses/a-b-gates Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Fixed barrier guard on a power press [Animation].

United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/etools/machine-guarding/presses/barrier- guards

Review the image and explanation on the following webpage. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Two-hand trips. United States Department of Labor.

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/presses/twohandtrips.html Review the image labeled “Example of Engineering Controls” and the paragraph that begins “Engineering controls” on the following webpage. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). What can be done to reduce the hazard from noise?

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/reduce_noise.html ClickView Pty Limited (Producer). (2010). Take action in the workplace (Segment 4 of 7) [Video]. In

Workplace health and safety. Films on Demand. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPla ylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=129322&loid=459283

For a transcript of this segment, click the Transcript link next to the video in the Films on Demand database.

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 7

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

OSHA has provided a consolidated page with relevant information on machine guarding, including links to Standards, Hazard Recognition, Possible Solutions, and Additional Resources. It is recommended that you review the information to see an example of what OSHA requires and what they recommend as best practice. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Machine guarding: Overview. United States

Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/ Some of the sections of OSHA’s Machine Guarding eTool site are listed in the Unit IV Required Unit Resources, but reviewing the rest of the site will provide you with a wealth of information about machine guarding as well as various types of saws, presses, and plastics machinery. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2014). Machine guarding etool. United States Department of

Labor. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/index.html Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. Review OSHA’s webpage, Occupational Noise Exposure: Exposure & Controls. After reviewing the OSHA information, prepare a one-page summary describing how engineering and administrative controls can be used to reduce the risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Include the benefits, limitations, and drawbacks of each type of control in your summary.

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

2. Identify occupational hazards commonly encountered in industry. 2.1 Discuss the principles of machine guarding.

3. Apply hazard identification and analysis techniques to workplace scenarios.

3.1 Use the hierarchy of controls concept to select appropriate hazard control strategies. 3.2 Explain the purpose and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the workplace.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 9: Personal Protective Equipment Chapter 13: Machine Safeguarding Unit Lesson Unit III introduced the process of completing a job hazard analysis (JHA). The unit content described how a JHA can be applied to identify the distinct types of hazards that a job scenario may present. Hazards with an unacceptable level of risk must be mitigated with the application of hazard controls. These controls are applied using a methodology commonly referred to as the hierarchy of controls. In this unit, the concept of hazard controls and the application of the hierarchy of controls will be discussed in detail. When applying the hierarchy of controls methodology, the first steps employed are elimination, then substitution, as shown below. Initial attempts are made to eliminate workplace hazards or to substitute another process, material, or chemical to reduce the risk of the hazard.

UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE Hazard Controls

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

If this is not possible, the methodology continues with a requirement to assess the hazard using engineering controls to engineer out the hazard. This puts a physical, mechanical, or other method in place to isolate the hazard, removing the employee’s exposure to it. If this is ineffective or cannot be done, administrative controls are applied next. This is an attempt to manage the employee’s exposure to the hazard through procedures and various communication methods such as posting caution signs. If all other methods are not possible or fail to reduce the risk to an acceptable level, the last step in the methodology is to apply personal protective equipment (PPE). Once a hazard with an unacceptable level of risk has been identified, the process of identifying acceptable controls can begin. The first step in defining the controls that should be applied is reviewing critical information related to the process and equipment involved. This could include the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications, company-specific safety and health requirements, and site-specific operating procedures. This information will provide a baseline for the minimum level of controls that will be necessary to ensure compliance with both internal and external requirements. This is a critical step; control methods must be, at a minimum, compliant with internal and external standards. For example, when attempting to apply controls to specific equipment such as a mechanical power press, OSHA has standards under OSHA Laws and Regulations, 29 CFR § 1910.217 (1975) for mechanical power presses, which list specific requirements. Any hazard control methodology must at least meet these minimum requirements. In addition, the manufacturer of the mechanical power press will likely outline mandatory safety and health requirements—such as guarding, operator training, and PPE—and provide them with the

The hierarchy of controls, represented by the above graphic, is used to determine effective, feasible means for controlling or eliminating employee exposure to job hazards. (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

equipment. These requirements must be included in the control methodology as well. Finally, the organization is likely to have its own safety and health requirements, either at an organizational or site-specific level, which must also be addressed to maintain consistency. Non-mandatory information including industry consensus standards, publications from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and information from professional organizations such as the American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) can be used to identify additional options for controls.

The next step should be to discuss the hazard and the control options identified as part of the first step with the employees performing the job. The employees will be able to provide input concerning whether or not the required controls are currently in place and, if they are, whether or not they are effective. If these controls are determined to be missing, they must be put into place immediately to ensure compliance with the internal and external requirements. The employees should also be included in discussions regarding the feasibility of any additional non-mandatory controls. The critical question to answer is whether these controls allow employees to perform their job efficiently with an acceptable level of risk. If, at the end of this step, the hazard still has not been reduced to an acceptable level of risk, additional controls must be identified by applying the hierarchy of controls. Assuming that all required controls are in place and the non-mandatory controls have been applied to the extent feasible, it is now time to identify controls specific to the job scenario in order to obtain an acceptable level of risk. The first question that must always be asked is: can the hazard be eliminated? In most cases, the answer is no unless the process, equipment, materials, or chemicals causing the hazard can be removed. The next option is to substitute a less hazardous process, equipment, material, or chemical. In many cases, this can be done with the procurement of new equipment or through a change in design specifications that would permit the use of less hazardous materials. If these options are not feasible, the focus should then shift to isolating the hazard and eliminating employee exposure. This can include application of engineering controls.

Employees performing jobs requiring hazard controls are an excellent source of information concerning whether controls are in place as well as how effective any controls may be in mitigating or eliminating hazards.

(Ahsan2018)

(Rossignol, 2017)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

Click on each of the following links to see the images and access more information on each indicated topic (these are also linked in the unit resource section).

• Type “A” Gate Operation—animated example of a mechanical interlock for which the guard is interlocked to the press so that they operate in unison.

• “Two-Hand Trips”—an example of remote operating controls for which both hands must be used to press two buttons, thereby ensuring that the employees’ hands are out of danger.

• Fixed Barrier Guard on a Power Press—animated example of applying physical barriers such as guards.

• “What Can Be Done to Reduce the Hazard From Noise?”—discussion of controls and physical methods to reduce noise.

If isolating the hazard through physical changes is not feasible, the next method is isolating the employee from the hazard. This can be accomplished by reducing exposure through administrative controls. The main difference between engineering and administrative controls is that engineering controls do not rely on human performance to be effective, while administrative controls do. Administrative controls isolate the employee from the hazard through standard operating procedures and signage in the workplace, both of which must be followed by the employees to be effective. This requires that employees are properly trained, can remember, and will always adhere to the requirements outlined in the procedures. Because of this, administrative controls introduce a higher likelihood of failure than engineering controls. If the level of risk is still unacceptable after considering elimination and substitution and applying engineering and administrative controls, PPE should be applied. PPE is the least desired control method—through its application, it indicates acceptance of the fact the employees are being exposed to the hazard, indicating that the hazard could not be isolated. For PPE to be effective, it must be the appropriate type and be used correctly by the employee. It is important to note that, in most cases, more than one type of control will be required to reach an acceptable level of risk. In some cases, a combination of engineering and administrative controls can be applied, and PPE may still be required in order to reduce the risk hazard.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the least effective control— for example, these safety glasses covered in dust indicate that the employees wearing them were exposed to the dust. Ideally, the dust (hazard) should be isolated before it contacts and potentially harms employees.

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 5

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

An example of this would be implementation of a combination of controls to reduce the risk of health hazards from exposure to welding fumes. It is possible that even after substituting a less hazardous type of welding material and applying localized exhaust ventilation as engineering controls, an administrative control to reduce exposure in the form of limiting how long the employee can weld may need to be applied. In addition, PPE in the form of a respirator might be needed. When applying several types of controls, you need to focus not only on reducing the level of risk to the employees performing the job, but also on striving to ensure that a new risk is not introduced for them or other employees. An example of this would be if the localized exhaust ventilation

applied in the welding example above vented the contaminated air into another environment where employees were working, thereby exposing the other employees to the health hazards posed by that air. Once controls are identified, a plan for implementation must be developed. The controls should be prioritized based on the hazards they are addressing and the level of risk reduction that they offer, with the hazards posing the highest risk getting priority. A schedule should be developed that allocates resources, assigns responsibility, and sets a date for implementation. As mentioned previously, all mandatory controls must be implemented immediately, along with those that would address any significant or serous risks. After implementation, follow-up actions should be taken to ensure that the identified controls have been implemented and are effective. For example, put preventative maintenance procedures into place for all engineering controls in order to periodically test them and perform inspections. If they are controlling a health- based risk, perform routine exposure assessments under the guidance of an industrial hygienist to ensure that they are effectively reducing the risk. Assess training programs at some frequency to ensure that they are up to date and contain the correct content for the established administrative controls. Conduct behavior-based observations and field audits to determine the effectiveness of the training and to verify that the administrative controls are being followed. This unit addressed the process for recommending controls for workplace hazards. It explained the importance of applying the controls required by internal and external standards as well as those required by the OEM. The hierarchy of controls methodology was introduced, discussing the limitations that exist with the lower levels, specifically administrative controls and PPE. An example of how numerous controls are often used concurrently was provided using a job scenario that involved welding. It was also stressed that recommended controls cannot introduce a new hazard. The critical nature of following up with controls in order to ensure their effectiveness was discussed.

A combination of controls may sometimes be needed in order to reduce health risks posed by exposure to weld fumes. (Wright, 2016)

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 6

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

References Ahsan, S. (2018, July 6). Industry work [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/LymIqp2n7GQ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (n.d.). Hierarchy of controls [Graphic]. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/images/HierarchyControls.jpg

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Machinery

and machine guarding: Mechanical power presses (OSHA Standard No. 1910.217). United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.217

Rossignol, M. (2017, May 24). Working on car lock [Photograph]. Unsplash.

https://unsplash.com/photos/hPu4m_Q4zKE Wright, P. (2016, June 24). Two welders at work [Photograph]. Unsplash.

https://unsplash.com/photos/n1RJ7pXgGTE Suggested Unit Resources In order to access the following resources, click the links below. Read pp. 20–23 in the following article. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016). Recommended practices for safety and health

programs (OSHA Report No. 3885). https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/docs/OSHA_SHP_Recommended_Practices.pdf

The following four images are also listed in the unit lesson. They all come from OSHA’s Machine Guarding eTool resources. Review only the animated images on the following two webpages. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Type “A” gate operation [Animation]. United States

Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/etools/machine-guarding/presses/a-b-gates Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Fixed barrier guard on a power press [Animation].

United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/etools/machine-guarding/presses/barrier- guards

Review the image and explanation on the following webpage. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Two-hand trips. United States Department of Labor.

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/presses/twohandtrips.html Review the image labeled “Example of Engineering Controls” and the paragraph that begins “Engineering controls” on the following webpage. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). What can be done to reduce the hazard from noise?

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/reduce_noise.html ClickView Pty Limited (Producer). (2010). Take action in the workplace (Segment 4 of 7) [Video]. In

Workplace health and safety. Films on Demand. https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPla ylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=129322&loid=459283

For a transcript of this segment, click the Transcript link next to the video in the Films on Demand database.

OSH 2301, Introduction to Workplace Safety 7

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

OSHA has provided a consolidated page with relevant information on machine guarding, including links to Standards, Hazard Recognition, Possible Solutions, and Additional Resources. It is recommended that you review the information to see an example of what OSHA requires and what they recommend as best practice. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Machine guarding: Overview. United States

Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/ Some of the sections of OSHA’s Machine Guarding eTool site are listed in the Unit IV Required Unit Resources, but reviewing the rest of the site will provide you with a wealth of information about machine guarding as well as various types of saws, presses, and plastics machinery. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2014). Machine guarding etool. United States Department of

Labor. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/index.html Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. Review OSHA’s webpage, Occupational Noise Exposure: Exposure & Controls. After reviewing the OSHA information, prepare a one-page summary describing how engineering and administrative controls can be used to reduce the risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Include the benefits, limitations, and drawbacks of each type of control in your summary.