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SocialChanges.pdf

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The Supreme Court and Social Change: A Preliminary Inquiry LACK OF ... Grossman, Joel B The American Behavioral Scientist (pre-1986); Mar/Apr 1970; 13, 4; ProQuest pg. 535

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EpicCharacteristics.pptx

Epics

The primary characteristics of epics

Larger-than-Life Characters

The main characters in an epic are typically legendary and heroic figures

Examples of this are Beowulf, the great warrior and Grendel-slayer, and Odysseus, conquering hero of the Trojan War

Grand Setting

The setting is generally enormous or majestic: covering the world, underworld, or even space and time.

Incredible Feats

The heroes of epics typically engage in heroic and incredible feats: Beowulf slays the monster Grendel, Odysseus defeats the cyclops, The Avengers defeat the alien Chitauri when they attack earth.

Style

The style of an epic poem is usually elevated throughout and remains objective and omniscient, seeing and hearing all perspectives. Often the epic begins by invoking the Muse:

Tell me, Muse, of the man of many ways, who was driven

Far journeys, after he had sacked Troy’s sacred citadel.

-The Odyssey by Homer

Earlier epics from the oral tradition (such as Gilgamesh and Beowulf) have their own unique characteristics, such as repetition and formulaic events. These characteristics make sense when you consider that storytellers and singers would memorize these vast stories as they travelled from place to place, entertaining listeners in halls and great gatherings.

Conventions of epic poems

Some, though not all, of these conventions are often employed in epic poetry:

The theme is stated from the beginning

Epics often begin in medias res (literally “in the middle of things” )

There can be long lists of armies, ships, arms, etc.

There are often extended formal speeches by the main characters and frequent use of the epic simile, which is an extended simile that carries on over several lines.

Works Cited

Downes, Jeremy. “Epic Basics.” HyperEpos: Epic on the Internet, Auburn University, 2011.

Homer, The Odyssey. Translated by Richard Lattimore, Harper Collins, 2007.

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History-Print-_i_TheEpicofGilgamesh__i_.pdf

Bloom's Literature

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the world's first epic poem, and versions of it have for decades appeared in world literature anthologies read by high school students throughout the United States. Until Stephen Mitchell published Gilgamesh: A New English Version (Free Press, 2004), most readers found the work dense and inaccessible although much of the same content was at their disposal, albeit in different form. Earlier translations of the poem were intended for scholars and students, but Mitchell created a new translation of the poem that was intended for the general reader, and it is accessible and understandable and in a easily read form.

The epic poem is older than the Iliad, and it remains only a fragment of a much longer work, although the fragments that have been found and translated create a relatively complete, if episodic, account of the journey of Gilgamesh, the young king of Uruk (now Iraq). Originally inscribed in the Akkadian language on stone tablets, the poem was buried during the fall of Nineveh and was not recovered and deciphered until the late 19th century. The existing fragments appear on 11 tablets, and scholars suggest that many more than that number of tablets have been lost.

The Epic of Gilgamesh opens with an arrogant Gilgamesh, possessed of great wealth, power, and physical attractiveness, who oppresses his people as he satisfies his own selfish needs. The gods hear the pleas of his subjects to free them from their oppression and create Enkidu, a ferocious wild man who is said to be the companion of animals, and they offer him as a double or second self for Gilgamesh. Upon first learning of Enkidu, the young king seeks to conquer him, and he sends Shambat, a temple priestess (sometimes translated as "harlot"), to find the wild man and to defuse his power by seducing him. The plan has the expected result, because coupling with Shambat for six days and seven nights awakens the humanity in Enkidu, pushing his animal identity into the background and strengthening his human characteristics. The wild animals no longer consider him one of their own, and they leave him.

Enkidu, seemingly tamed by his sexual experiences, is taken to the city of Uruk, where he meets Gilgamesh and defies the young king by blocking his attempt to enter a bridal chamber and assert his claim of first night with the bride. The two wrestle fiercely and are nearly equal in strength, but Gilgamesh is lauded as the nominal winner. After the fight, the men bond instantly, becoming soul mates, and they are represented in various translations as engaging in what in modern terminology might be labeled a man crush. Without preamble, Gilgamesh asks Enkidu to accompany him in an act of defiance of the gods as he enters the Cedar Forest with the goal of killing the monster Humbaba, who

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Citation Information

guards the forest. The sun god Shamash sends violent winds to attack Humbaba and to aid Gilgamesh in the fight. Gilgamesh and Enkidu cut off the monster's head and return triumphantly to Uruk.

Gilgamesh returns as a hero and attracts the attention of Ishtar, the goddess of sexual love, who wants him to be her lover. When the young king rejects her with insults and reminders of the many mortal men she has destroyed or turned into animals after tiring of them, she vows revenge. In a rage, she asks her father, the sky god Anu, to give her the Bull of Heaven to destroy Gilgamesh and his kingdom, which he does. Although the bull rampages and kills hundreds of people, Gilgamesh and Enkidu capture and kill it. Enkidu dreams that a council of gods has convened and determined that one of the two men must die as punishment for killing the bull, and that he is the chosen one. Shortly after having the dream, Enkidu becomes ill and dies after suffering for 12 days.

Gilgamesh grieves deeply after his friend's death, ripping off his clothes and tearing out his hair as he laments loudly. He makes elaborate plans to honor his dead friend and orders artisans to create an opulent statue of Enkidu. He offers jewels, gold, ivory, weapons, and other treasures to the gods and considers damming the Euphrates River to place Enkidu's tomb in the riverbed.

Both grief-stricken and now fearful of death, Gilgamesh goes on a quest for immortality. He begins to live as a wild man, killing lions, eating them, and wearing their skins as he searches for Uta-napishti, who found eternal life and whose secret Gilgamesh wants to learn. To find Uta-napisthi, Gilgamesh must travel to the edge of the world. Before reaching his destination, he must cross an ocean, which he does with the assistance of the ferryman Ur-shanabi, who helps him to avoid the Waters of Death. Uta- napishti does not relate the secret of eternal life to Gilgamesh, but he does give him a plant that is supposed to restore youth. On the journey home, however, Gilgamesh carelessly leaves the plant unguarded as he bathes in a pool and a snake steals it. After his many efforts, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, not immortal in a traditional sense but able to continue his life and to serve as a much wiser and more compassionate ruler. Further Information

Ackerman, Susan. When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.

"Censorship Dateline: Libraries." Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom 56, no.1. (January 2007). Accessed April 4, 2010.

Mitchell, Stephen, trans. Gilgamesh: A New English Version. New York: Free Press, 2004.

Sova, Dawn. “The Epic of Gilgamesh.” 120 Banned Books, Third Edition, Facts On File, 2022. Bloomʼs Literature, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=100535&itemid=WE54&articleId=478009.

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PoliticalChanges.pdf

Political change alters political accommodations; Regional government changes will mean minor redesigns to the new civic buildings: [Final Edition] Yonson, Doug

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ABSTRACT (ABSTRACT) The 33 existing councillors are mayors and aldermen from the 11 municipalities in the region. The average councillor spends at most a quarter of their time on regional business and have never had offices or staff at regional headquarter. They keep their files in their offices in the local city halls. Under [John Sweeney]'s reorganization, the 11 mayors would continue to sit on regional council. But the 22 aldermen who are currently appointed would be replaced with between 14 and 18 regional councillors directly elected by the public. They will serve only at the regional level. Cutting the number of aldermen and recovering a few thousand square feet will have only a small impact on Ottawa's city hall, according to Des Underhill, the city's project coordinator. FULL TEXT Ontario's plans for a political restructuring of regional government will mean some physical restructuring of the new civic buildings that house the politicians. Two weeks ago, Municipal Affairs Minister John Sweeney announced a reorganization in time for the 1991 municipal elections. The changes to allow the election of regional councillors means some adjustments to the new $87-million regional headquarters -- even though it only opened last month -- and the new $73-million Ottawa city hall. The headquarters, for instance, does not include a specific area for regional councillors, although there is room to add offices. The 33 existing councillors are mayors and aldermen from the 11 municipalities in the region. The average councillor spends at most a quarter of their time on regional business and have never had offices or staff at regional headquarter. They keep their files in their offices in the local city halls. Under Sweeney's reorganization, the 11 mayors would continue to sit on regional council. But the 22 aldermen who are currently appointed would be replaced with between 14 and 18 regional councillors directly elected by the public. They will serve only at the regional level.

https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/political-change-alters-accommodations-regional/docview/239433807/se-2?accountid=11033

When the architectural plans for the new building were completed in 1986, the creation of a group of directly-elected councillors did not seem a strong possibility and, hence, no thought was given to designing the building for them. However, there is office space available on the vacant top floor of the new building. That entire fifth-floor area, 32,000 square feet, was intended for future regional growth and was to be leased for some years. Some of that space will now likely become offices for the councillors. Regional staff are looking at the matter to determine what the cost will be, including the loss of potential lease revenue. Meanwhile, the provincial political restructuring will have a modest effect on Ottawa's city hall. Under Ontario's plans there'll be a reduction in the overall number of local aldermen -- now 82 -- by the same 14 to 18 to keep the total number of municipal politicians in the region unchanged. As a result, Ottawa's 15-seat council could fall by up to six seats depending on the recommendations of a commissioner who will set new regional and local ward boundaries. A reduction in the number of Ottawa councillors would have a minor effect on the city hall, on which construction is to begin later this year. Currently, the 15 aldermen occupy 5,000 square feet of space. The plans for the new building call for 9,000 square feet of space. But cutting the number of aldermen and recovering a few thousand square feet will have only a small impact on Ottawa's city hall, according to Des Underhill, the city's project coordinator. Nonetheless, the extra space will be welcome, he said, because the current design -- 400,000 square feet in total -- leaves only 9,000 square feet for future growth. Illustration Color Photo; file photo; Shuffle: Changing regional politics means new seating arrangements at regional council. Credit: CITIZEN DETAILS

Publication title: The Ottawa Citizen; Ottawa, Ont.

Pages: B3

Number of pages: 0

Publication year: 1990

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Publication date: Jun 4, 1990

Section: CITY

Publisher: Postmedia Network Inc.

Place of publication: Ottawa, Ont.

Country of publication: Canada, Ottawa, Ont.

Publication subject: General Interest Periodicals--Canada

ISSN: 08393222

Source type: Newspaper

Language of publication: English

Document type: NEWS

ProQuest document ID: 239433807

Document URL: https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/political-change-alters-accommodations- regional/docview/239433807/se-2?accountid=11033

Copyright: (Copyright The Ottawa Citizen)

Last updated: 2017-11-01

Database: Global Newsstream,ProQuest Central

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Political change alters political accommodations; Regional government changes will mean minor redesigns to the new civic buildings: [Final Edition]