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PeerResponseHSE350Wk8.docx

Peer Response HSE 350

Response #1 (Hudson): Cybersecurity is used in everyday practices within the federal government. Cybersecurity is utilized by everyone from the government to private sectors. There are many things that the deferral government has done and will do that goes a long was in utilizing cybersecurity to its maximum potential and ensuring safety for various systems. Some of the methods and processes used are passing bills such as the Commerce Cybersecurity Bill that will “ensure a voluntary partnership between the government and private sector to protect the computer systems Americans rely on every day” ( Rockefeller, 2014). There is also a National Cybersecurity Protection System (NCPS), this system does a great job of provided certain abilities to attack and mitigate cyber threats and provide functions that are an extreme help such as intrusion detection and prevention as well as information sharing ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). In addition, NCPS EINSTEIN provides federal networks with systems that will help ensure security, they give federal networks the ability to have an early warning system, better situational awareness, and the ability to identify and prevent malicious cyber activity ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). There is also a solid strategy called Cybersecurity Governance that will stop interruption in the event that there is a cyber threat and includes many great features such as mitigation plans and strategies, accountability frameworks, and oversight processes and procedures ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). This framework helps utilize cybersecurity within the federal government by helping to better their cybersecurity practices and protocols such as response and helps to overall increase cybersecurity to protect their systems ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). I think that the federal governments cyber programs do a great job of ensuring safety for systems and allows for the ability to locate, attack, and defend a cyber threat and ensure that systems remain safe and secure. I definitely think that there is always room for improvement and certain systems should always be reviewed, updated, and improved to ensure the highest level of security possible. But overall, after analyzing I think that the federal government does a great job and works to cover every angle possible.

References:

Cybersecurity governance: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-b). https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cybersecurity-best-practices/cybersecurity-governance

Rockefeller, Thune statement on passage of Commerce Cybersecurity bill. U.S. Senator John Thune. (2014, December 12). https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2014/12/rockefeller-thune-statement-on-passage-of-commerce-cybersecurity-bill

Securing Federal Networks: National Cybersecurity Protection System: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-c). https://www.cisa.gov/securing-federal-networks-national-cybersecurity-protection-system

Response #2 (Charles): The federal government uses various methods to protect cybersecurity. Agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and FBI work to secure federal networks and critical infrastructure. DHS shares threat intelligence with industries like energy and finances to help protect their systems. The government also promotes cybersecurity standards and best practices that organizations can voluntarily adopt.

Examples of federal cybersecurity programs include:

o Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation - DHS program that scans federal networks to identify vulnerabilities

o Einstein - intrusion detection system monitoring federal network traffic for cyber threats

o Information Sharing and Analysis Centers - forums for government and industry to exchange threat data

o National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education - DHS program expanding cybersecurity training and workforce

While these initiatives help, experts argue the government must do more. Key gaps include outdated federal IT systems, lack of expertise to keep up with threats, and limited authority for agencies to monitor private sector networks where much critical infrastructure resides.

Stronger congressional oversight, increased funding, enhanced public-private collaboration, expanded research, and comprehensive standards and regulations are needed. The bipartisan Cyber Incident Reporting Act to require reporting of incidents is one example of useful legislation. The government also needs more personnel skilled in cybersecurity.

I believe the federal government is making meaningful efforts on cybersecurity. But the range and sophistication of threats suggest bolder action and investments are required to defend America’s digital systems and infrastructure. A whole-of-nation approach engaging government, private sector, academia, and the public is necessary to build a robust and resilient cyber ecosystem.

Must be 100 words

See Rubric for details

PeerResponseHSE400Wk8.docx

Peer Response HSE 400

Quentin: The United States transportation system is definitely more safe after the terrorist attacks on 9/11. The terrorist attacks that took place on have changed the way Americans view public transportation forever. I really do see that the change has been positive from a security standpoint. Travel is much more safe, or at least it appears to be. A few more minutes going through a more rigorous security screening is definitely forth saving your own life and the safety of many others. 9/11 is the absolute reason foe the creation of the Transportation Security Organization (TSA). TSA helps to prevent the threat of another large-scale terrorist attack by implementing new and stringent security and safety measures. It only took a year for TSA to take the lead in security at all American airports. The use of technology to make American travel the safest in the world. Things like screening 100% of all bags and cargo is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to travel security. Thongs like security checkpoints are a major force in travel security. Billions have been spent on making travel safer after 9/11. It is impossible to get a box cutter on a plane like the hijackers did over 20 years ago. This would be a routine security event today. Its hard to imagine that before 9/11, you didn’t even have to show ID to get pass an airport security checkpoint. Shockingly the government had nothing to do with airport security, it was ran by private sector organizations. It is a fact that travel is more secure but there will always be a threat.

https://www.tsa.gov/about/strategy

Johnathan: I would say we are much safer now than we were prior to 9/11 in terms of transportation. Much of this is due to the Aviation and Transportation Security Act and what it established. Firstly, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act required 100 percent checked baggage screenings thus preventing things such as explosives from entering aircraft. Secondly, the cockpit doors of airplanes were to be reinforced to make it harder for hijackings to occur. The Federal Air Marshal Service was also greatly expanded due to the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. People seeking to board airplanes were also to be screened before boarding by Federal Officials making it more difficult for weaponry to make it onto an aircraft successfully. Finally, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act also established the TSA which would oversee security in all modes of transportation. These improvements to transportation security have made airports and other modes of transportation way safer than we were prior to 9/11 helping to prevent terrorists and lethal weaponry from successfully making it onto airplanes and preventing similar tragic events like 9/11 from happening ever again.

Works Cited

Gerace, W. B. D. (2021a, June 11). A look at how airport security has evolved Post 9-11. A Look at How Airport Security Has Evolved Post 9-11 | PHL.org. https://www.phl.org/newsroom/911-security-impact#:~:text=The%20Act%20established%20the%20Transportation,Service%20and%20reinforced%20cockpit%20doors.

Must be 100 words

See Rubric for Details

HSE301PeerResponsesWeek8.docx

HSE 301 Peer Responses

Michael: The JIS provides the mechanism to organize, integrate, and coordinate information to ensure timely, accurate, accessible, and consistent messaging across multiple jurisdictions and/or disciplines, including the private sector and NGOs.Plans, protocols, procedures, and structures are used to inform the general public, disaster victims, affected jurisdictions, elected officials, community leaders, the private sector, the media, non-governmental organizations (such as the American Red Cross), response and recovery organizations (such as urban search and rescue, utilities), volunteer groups (such as CERT, VOAD), and other impacted groups. Federal, State, tribal, local, and voluntary agencies, private sector PIOs, and established JICs are critical supporting elements of the JIS. The Public Information Officer (PIO) and Joint Information Center (JIC) are two supporting elements of the JIS. The PIO is a key member of ICS and EOC organizations, though they might go by a different title in EOCs.The Public Information Officer (PIO) and Joint Information Center (JIC) are two supporting elements of the JIS. The PIO is a key member of ICS and EOC organizations, though they might go by a different title in EOCs.

Resources

Bush, George W. (28 February 2003). "Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5" (PDF). www.dhs.gov. United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

Austin: The mission of the Joint Information System (JIS) is to provide organized and accurate information before, during, and after an incident. To accomplish this mission, JIS must work with all operational components. As the active representative to the public, this component needs access to a wide variety of information to ensure that publicized information is correct and accurately supports operational objectives. Operating across the response and with each active component also enables JIS to develop a deeper functional understanding, enabling better and more detailed responses when asked public questions; this makes the operation much more transparent and can improve public views. Understanding information can also prevent unnecessary or misleading information from reaching the public. It is beneficial for a process to be transparent to the public; there is a limit. Once completed, some components must be realized; the wrong information could compromise missions or interfere with operational objectives.

It is beneficial for every active component of the NIMS structure to play a role in JIS. As mentioned, this can enable a more fluent communication path between the operation and the public. Ensuring that information does not interfere with operation objectives or section missions is critical to a successful response. The Public Information Officer (PIO) will receive the gathered information and develop a plan for the command to release it to the public; this ensures that only necessary and consistent communication is publicized. Contradicting or misleading information can lead to public concern or even panic, making a response even more difficult. It is also essential for an operation to have a well-placed Joint Information Center (JIC) to house JIS and its components. Within this facility, information is assessed, and public releases are formulated and pushed onto the PIO for approval. Ensuring the public is regularly informed with the correct information can ultimately be a significant component of operational success.

Sources:

Fema.gov. (n.d.). https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf

THERE IS NO WORD COUNT FOR HSE 301

Posts that contain items such as "I agree" that do not further the conversation/topic will not earn credit. Further, put your writing into your own words, do not copy directly from a source. If you incorporate scholarly/peer reviewed sources in your posts be sure to cite them properly. APA Citation.

PeerResponseHSE350Wk8.docx

Peer Response HSE 350

Response #1 (Hudson): Cybersecurity is used in everyday practices within the federal government. Cybersecurity is utilized by everyone from the government to private sectors. There are many things that the deferral government has done and will do that goes a long was in utilizing cybersecurity to its maximum potential and ensuring safety for various systems. Some of the methods and processes used are passing bills such as the Commerce Cybersecurity Bill that will “ensure a voluntary partnership between the government and private sector to protect the computer systems Americans rely on every day” ( Rockefeller, 2014). There is also a National Cybersecurity Protection System (NCPS), this system does a great job of provided certain abilities to attack and mitigate cyber threats and provide functions that are an extreme help such as intrusion detection and prevention as well as information sharing ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). In addition, NCPS EINSTEIN provides federal networks with systems that will help ensure security, they give federal networks the ability to have an early warning system, better situational awareness, and the ability to identify and prevent malicious cyber activity ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). There is also a solid strategy called Cybersecurity Governance that will stop interruption in the event that there is a cyber threat and includes many great features such as mitigation plans and strategies, accountability frameworks, and oversight processes and procedures ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). This framework helps utilize cybersecurity within the federal government by helping to better their cybersecurity practices and protocols such as response and helps to overall increase cybersecurity to protect their systems ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). I think that the federal governments cyber programs do a great job of ensuring safety for systems and allows for the ability to locate, attack, and defend a cyber threat and ensure that systems remain safe and secure. I definitely think that there is always room for improvement and certain systems should always be reviewed, updated, and improved to ensure the highest level of security possible. But overall, after analyzing I think that the federal government does a great job and works to cover every angle possible.

References:

Cybersecurity governance: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-b). https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cybersecurity-best-practices/cybersecurity-governance

Rockefeller, Thune statement on passage of Commerce Cybersecurity bill. U.S. Senator John Thune. (2014, December 12). https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2014/12/rockefeller-thune-statement-on-passage-of-commerce-cybersecurity-bill

Securing Federal Networks: National Cybersecurity Protection System: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-c). https://www.cisa.gov/securing-federal-networks-national-cybersecurity-protection-system

Response #2 (Charles): The federal government uses various methods to protect cybersecurity. Agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and FBI work to secure federal networks and critical infrastructure. DHS shares threat intelligence with industries like energy and finances to help protect their systems. The government also promotes cybersecurity standards and best practices that organizations can voluntarily adopt.

Examples of federal cybersecurity programs include:

o Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation - DHS program that scans federal networks to identify vulnerabilities

o Einstein - intrusion detection system monitoring federal network traffic for cyber threats

o Information Sharing and Analysis Centers - forums for government and industry to exchange threat data

o National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education - DHS program expanding cybersecurity training and workforce

While these initiatives help, experts argue the government must do more. Key gaps include outdated federal IT systems, lack of expertise to keep up with threats, and limited authority for agencies to monitor private sector networks where much critical infrastructure resides.

Stronger congressional oversight, increased funding, enhanced public-private collaboration, expanded research, and comprehensive standards and regulations are needed. The bipartisan Cyber Incident Reporting Act to require reporting of incidents is one example of useful legislation. The government also needs more personnel skilled in cybersecurity.

I believe the federal government is making meaningful efforts on cybersecurity. But the range and sophistication of threats suggest bolder action and investments are required to defend America’s digital systems and infrastructure. A whole-of-nation approach engaging government, private sector, academia, and the public is necessary to build a robust and resilient cyber ecosystem.

Must be 100 words

See Rubric for details

PeerResponseHSE400Wk8.docx

Peer Response HSE 400

Quentin: The United States transportation system is definitely more safe after the terrorist attacks on 9/11. The terrorist attacks that took place on have changed the way Americans view public transportation forever. I really do see that the change has been positive from a security standpoint. Travel is much more safe, or at least it appears to be. A few more minutes going through a more rigorous security screening is definitely forth saving your own life and the safety of many others. 9/11 is the absolute reason foe the creation of the Transportation Security Organization (TSA). TSA helps to prevent the threat of another large-scale terrorist attack by implementing new and stringent security and safety measures. It only took a year for TSA to take the lead in security at all American airports. The use of technology to make American travel the safest in the world. Things like screening 100% of all bags and cargo is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to travel security. Thongs like security checkpoints are a major force in travel security. Billions have been spent on making travel safer after 9/11. It is impossible to get a box cutter on a plane like the hijackers did over 20 years ago. This would be a routine security event today. Its hard to imagine that before 9/11, you didn’t even have to show ID to get pass an airport security checkpoint. Shockingly the government had nothing to do with airport security, it was ran by private sector organizations. It is a fact that travel is more secure but there will always be a threat.

https://www.tsa.gov/about/strategy

Johnathan: I would say we are much safer now than we were prior to 9/11 in terms of transportation. Much of this is due to the Aviation and Transportation Security Act and what it established. Firstly, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act required 100 percent checked baggage screenings thus preventing things such as explosives from entering aircraft. Secondly, the cockpit doors of airplanes were to be reinforced to make it harder for hijackings to occur. The Federal Air Marshal Service was also greatly expanded due to the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. People seeking to board airplanes were also to be screened before boarding by Federal Officials making it more difficult for weaponry to make it onto an aircraft successfully. Finally, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act also established the TSA which would oversee security in all modes of transportation. These improvements to transportation security have made airports and other modes of transportation way safer than we were prior to 9/11 helping to prevent terrorists and lethal weaponry from successfully making it onto airplanes and preventing similar tragic events like 9/11 from happening ever again.

Works Cited

Gerace, W. B. D. (2021a, June 11). A look at how airport security has evolved Post 9-11. A Look at How Airport Security Has Evolved Post 9-11 | PHL.org. https://www.phl.org/newsroom/911-security-impact#:~:text=The%20Act%20established%20the%20Transportation,Service%20and%20reinforced%20cockpit%20doors.

Must be 100 words

See Rubric for Details

HSE301PeerResponsesWeek8.docx

HSE 301 Peer Responses

Michael: The JIS provides the mechanism to organize, integrate, and coordinate information to ensure timely, accurate, accessible, and consistent messaging across multiple jurisdictions and/or disciplines, including the private sector and NGOs.Plans, protocols, procedures, and structures are used to inform the general public, disaster victims, affected jurisdictions, elected officials, community leaders, the private sector, the media, non-governmental organizations (such as the American Red Cross), response and recovery organizations (such as urban search and rescue, utilities), volunteer groups (such as CERT, VOAD), and other impacted groups. Federal, State, tribal, local, and voluntary agencies, private sector PIOs, and established JICs are critical supporting elements of the JIS. The Public Information Officer (PIO) and Joint Information Center (JIC) are two supporting elements of the JIS. The PIO is a key member of ICS and EOC organizations, though they might go by a different title in EOCs.The Public Information Officer (PIO) and Joint Information Center (JIC) are two supporting elements of the JIS. The PIO is a key member of ICS and EOC organizations, though they might go by a different title in EOCs.

Resources

Bush, George W. (28 February 2003). "Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5" (PDF). www.dhs.gov. United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

Austin: The mission of the Joint Information System (JIS) is to provide organized and accurate information before, during, and after an incident. To accomplish this mission, JIS must work with all operational components. As the active representative to the public, this component needs access to a wide variety of information to ensure that publicized information is correct and accurately supports operational objectives. Operating across the response and with each active component also enables JIS to develop a deeper functional understanding, enabling better and more detailed responses when asked public questions; this makes the operation much more transparent and can improve public views. Understanding information can also prevent unnecessary or misleading information from reaching the public. It is beneficial for a process to be transparent to the public; there is a limit. Once completed, some components must be realized; the wrong information could compromise missions or interfere with operational objectives.

It is beneficial for every active component of the NIMS structure to play a role in JIS. As mentioned, this can enable a more fluent communication path between the operation and the public. Ensuring that information does not interfere with operation objectives or section missions is critical to a successful response. The Public Information Officer (PIO) will receive the gathered information and develop a plan for the command to release it to the public; this ensures that only necessary and consistent communication is publicized. Contradicting or misleading information can lead to public concern or even panic, making a response even more difficult. It is also essential for an operation to have a well-placed Joint Information Center (JIC) to house JIS and its components. Within this facility, information is assessed, and public releases are formulated and pushed onto the PIO for approval. Ensuring the public is regularly informed with the correct information can ultimately be a significant component of operational success.

Sources:

Fema.gov. (n.d.). https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf

THERE IS NO WORD COUNT FOR HSE 301

Posts that contain items such as "I agree" that do not further the conversation/topic will not earn credit. Further, put your writing into your own words, do not copy directly from a source. If you incorporate scholarly/peer reviewed sources in your posts be sure to cite them properly. APA Citation.

PeerResponseHSE350Wk8.docx

Peer Response HSE 350

Response #1 (Hudson): Cybersecurity is used in everyday practices within the federal government. Cybersecurity is utilized by everyone from the government to private sectors. There are many things that the deferral government has done and will do that goes a long was in utilizing cybersecurity to its maximum potential and ensuring safety for various systems. Some of the methods and processes used are passing bills such as the Commerce Cybersecurity Bill that will “ensure a voluntary partnership between the government and private sector to protect the computer systems Americans rely on every day” ( Rockefeller, 2014). There is also a National Cybersecurity Protection System (NCPS), this system does a great job of provided certain abilities to attack and mitigate cyber threats and provide functions that are an extreme help such as intrusion detection and prevention as well as information sharing ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). In addition, NCPS EINSTEIN provides federal networks with systems that will help ensure security, they give federal networks the ability to have an early warning system, better situational awareness, and the ability to identify and prevent malicious cyber activity ( Securing Federal Networks, n.d.). There is also a solid strategy called Cybersecurity Governance that will stop interruption in the event that there is a cyber threat and includes many great features such as mitigation plans and strategies, accountability frameworks, and oversight processes and procedures ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). This framework helps utilize cybersecurity within the federal government by helping to better their cybersecurity practices and protocols such as response and helps to overall increase cybersecurity to protect their systems ( Cybersecurity governance, n.d.). I think that the federal governments cyber programs do a great job of ensuring safety for systems and allows for the ability to locate, attack, and defend a cyber threat and ensure that systems remain safe and secure. I definitely think that there is always room for improvement and certain systems should always be reviewed, updated, and improved to ensure the highest level of security possible. But overall, after analyzing I think that the federal government does a great job and works to cover every angle possible.

References:

Cybersecurity governance: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-b). https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cybersecurity-best-practices/cybersecurity-governance

Rockefeller, Thune statement on passage of Commerce Cybersecurity bill. U.S. Senator John Thune. (2014, December 12). https://www.thune.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2014/12/rockefeller-thune-statement-on-passage-of-commerce-cybersecurity-bill

Securing Federal Networks: National Cybersecurity Protection System: CISA. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.-c). https://www.cisa.gov/securing-federal-networks-national-cybersecurity-protection-system

Response #2 (Charles): The federal government uses various methods to protect cybersecurity. Agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and FBI work to secure federal networks and critical infrastructure. DHS shares threat intelligence with industries like energy and finances to help protect their systems. The government also promotes cybersecurity standards and best practices that organizations can voluntarily adopt.

Examples of federal cybersecurity programs include:

o Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation - DHS program that scans federal networks to identify vulnerabilities

o Einstein - intrusion detection system monitoring federal network traffic for cyber threats

o Information Sharing and Analysis Centers - forums for government and industry to exchange threat data

o National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education - DHS program expanding cybersecurity training and workforce

While these initiatives help, experts argue the government must do more. Key gaps include outdated federal IT systems, lack of expertise to keep up with threats, and limited authority for agencies to monitor private sector networks where much critical infrastructure resides.

Stronger congressional oversight, increased funding, enhanced public-private collaboration, expanded research, and comprehensive standards and regulations are needed. The bipartisan Cyber Incident Reporting Act to require reporting of incidents is one example of useful legislation. The government also needs more personnel skilled in cybersecurity.

I believe the federal government is making meaningful efforts on cybersecurity. But the range and sophistication of threats suggest bolder action and investments are required to defend America’s digital systems and infrastructure. A whole-of-nation approach engaging government, private sector, academia, and the public is necessary to build a robust and resilient cyber ecosystem.

Must be 100 words

See Rubric for details

PeerResponseHSE400Wk8.docx

HSE301PeerResponsesWeek8.docx

PeerResponseHSE350Wk8.docx

PeerResponseHSE400Wk8.docx

HSE301PeerResponsesWeek8.docx

PeerResponseHSE350Wk8.docx

PeerResponseHSE400Wk8.docx