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files (2)MayWeek5DIscussion.pdf
MarchainaWeek5Discussion.pdf
MayWeek5DIscussion.pdf
In your responses,
• Apply the scientific method to the research problem(s) presented and comment on the appropriateness of the research question devised. If the question devised does not seem appropriate and researchable, suggest another research question that would apply to this topic.
• Compare the characteristics of various appropriate research paradigms related to your colleague’s chosen topic and suggest another research method that could be applied to this research question.
• Provide a rationale that explains how this method may be equally or more appropriate for the research question.
• Evaluate the ethical implications of the proposed research and suggest other issues your colleague has not mentioned.
• Provide any other comments to your colleague that may assist them in creating a more effective research proposal.
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING
THE ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS WEEK DISCUSSION 4 (May)
(MINIMUM OF 300 WORDS)
Research question:
How does emotional abuse affect children’s self-esteem and sense of self-worth?
Introduction:
This research question is important because of the long-term impact it can have on children’s well-being. Emotional abuse is defined as non-physical behaviors that are meant to control, isolate, or frighten a person. It can impact a child’s ability to concentrate, change their behaviors, damage their self-esteem, and provide a misleading view of parenthood. This type of abuse can increase the risk of mental health problems, drug abuse, or suicide. Therefore, this study can help prevent, identify, and treat this type of abuse.
A brief literature review:
According to Celik et. al (2019), the authors studied the direct and indirect effects of child abuse on self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The long-term effects of child abuse into adulthood created serious risks for mental health issues. The authors used three data collection methods in this study which were “Childhood Trauma Questionnaire”, “Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)”, and “Two-Dimensional Self-
Esteem Scale (Self Liking/Self Competence)” in addition to “Demographic Information Form”. There were 636 participants with a mix of both genders. The location included three different universities in Turkey. The authors obtained permission from the ethics committee and other permissions from the university to collect the data. The data was analyzed with Pearson product-moment coefficient and path analysis techniques via SPSS 23 and AMOS 22. According to the analysis, self-esteem was negatively affected by childhood abuse. It also had a negative effect on depression, anxiety, and stress. When looking at the attachment theory, it is found that child abuse creates the undermining of self and emotional problems. Therefore, the development of positive mental health is threatened. The authors noted several weaknesses with the study. One being the sample size being limited to university students. Also, the tools used were based on self-reports which could be biased.
According to Chen et al. (2020), the authors researched the effects of emotional abuse on social anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents. Social anxiety is prevalent in China primarily due to the conservative culture. The authors hypothesized that emotional abuse leads to social anxiety through reducing self-esteem and increasing loneliness. Self-esteem is defined as confidence in one’s own worth. Individuals that have experienced emotional abuse may not have high self-esteem leading to biased evaluation of themselves. The participants selected were about 569 from two different schools in Southeast China. The participants were average age of 11 years old and from families of various income levels. Permission from the headmasters was obtained after discussing the details of the research. Also, participants were randomly selected, and teachers and caregivers were acknowledged. Informed consent was also obtained, and anonymity was ensured. They were given seventy-five cents for participation. The author’s institution’s ethics committee approved the study. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Social Anxiety Scale for Children, Children’s Loneliness Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were all used in the study. The results supported the hypothesis and proved that emotional abuse is positively associated with social anxiety and loneliness, while negatively associated with self-esteem.
A description of potential methods:
I would use the qualitative research approach with the phenomenological design. This design will allow me to use interview questions that are tailored around the lived experience of the children. I would use open-ended questions to get the most out of how the children are feeling and how the abuse affects their behavior. I may consider observation to see how they relate to their peers who are not abused. Also, there could be audiovisual data collected as well (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).
Ethical issues:
I will get ethical approval from the relevant institution. I will gain informed consent from the children and parents and explain the purpose of the research and what I am trying to accomplish (Section 8, APA 2017). I will explain confidentiality and limits to confidentiality due to the nature of the topic. Also, maintaining the privacy and
anonymity of the children (Section 4, APA 2017). I will advise on how the data will be stored and record keeping techniques (Section 6, APA 2017). I will use purposive sampling to gain diverse insights into the topic. I will use different genders, ethnicities, and backgrounds.
Conclusion:
This research is being conducted to determine the long-term impact of emotional abuse on children. The effects on mental health, drug abuse, and suicide can be detrimental. The study is being conducted to prevent, identify, and treat emotional abuse of children.
References American Psychological Association. (2017, March). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/indexLinks to an external site. Celik, C. & Odaci, H. (2019). Does child abuse have an impact on self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress conditions of individuals? International Journal of Social Psychiatry. Vol. 66(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019894618Links to an external site. Chen, C. and Quin, J. (2020). Emotional Abuse and Adolescents’ Social Anxiety: the Roles of Self-Esteem and Loneliness. Journal of Family Violence. 35:497- 507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1096-019-00099-3Links to an external site.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE.
MarchainaWeek5Discussion.pdf
Preliminary Research Design Presentation and Feedback
In your responses,
• Apply the scientific method to the research problem(s) presented and comment on the appropriateness of the research question devised. If the question devised does not seem appropriate and researchable, suggest another research question that would apply to this topic.
• Compare the characteristics of various appropriate research paradigms related to your colleague’s chosen topic and suggest another research method that could be applied to this research question.
• Provide a rationale that explains how this method may be equally or more appropriate for the research question.
• Evaluate the ethical implications of the proposed research and suggest other issues your colleague has not mentioned.
• Provide any other comments to your colleague that may assist them in creating a more effective research proposal.
REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY ANSWERING
THE ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS WEEK DISCUSSION 4
(Marchaina) (MINIMUM OF 300 WORDS)
Slide 1: Hello, my name is Marchaina. Welcome to my presentation on the lived experiences and
perceptions of women with peripartum and postpartum depression.
Slide 2: Research in depression can provide valuable insights into the lived experiences of
women dealing with postpartum and prepartum depression and help inform healthcare providers,
policymakers, and support organizations in tailoring effective treatments and support systems.
This paper will pose the specific research question, “What are the lived experiences and
perceptions of women with prepartum and postpartum depression who have sought and engaged
in various depressive treatment options?” The importance of this topic comes with the challenges
that pregnant women face with things such as heartburn, limited mobility, gestational diabetes, or
other psychosocial issues, these can lead to psychological stress that is associated with mental
disorders such as depression. All the events that occur in the first week of pregnancy until
childbirth are considered prepartum. There are negative effects on fetal development during this
time and there has been an association of prematurity, stillbirth, low birth weight, or SID. When
prepartum goes untreated, it can then raise the risk of postpartum difficulties as well as problems
with parent-child bonding. These are the many issues surrounding prepartum and postpartum that
must be addressed and learned more.
Slide 3: In the article Is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation an effective and safe
treatment option for postpartum and peripartum depression? Provides details on how mothers
are affected by depressive symptoms like postpartum and peripartum. The ways a mother can be
affected include how she nurtures her child, the social impacts, cognitive, language, and self-
development. The article gives a list of current treatment options but seeks to explore other safe
treatments due to ones like ECT, and pharmacotherapy including negative side effects. The
article states that a new treatment Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation provides a safer
alternative and conducted a review to assess its effectiveness and safety. This article will provide
real-life experiences from mothers who experienced this phenomenon and could give the
information needed to learn more about postpartum and peripartum depression treatment options.
Another article titled Preferences for mental health treatment for postpartum depression among
new mothers provided and examined the treatment of postpartum depression in mothers with and
without postpartum depression symptoms. The focus of this study was the focus on treatment
centers, the type of professional, and the mode of treatment, which help to develop relevant
policies. These policies can then promote the health of mothers to reach a deeper understanding
of the options and preferences they have. The study points out the economic status of the mother,
their marital status if they were first-time mothers, and if they had partners who had immigrated.
Other articles aimed to identify the risk factors of postpartum depression in individuals which
evaluated their birth patterns, characteristics such as income level, smoking habits, number of
children, age, and history of antidepressants. Another article delves into the mainstay of drug
treatment for postpartum depression while providing predictors of response to optimize treatment
that could reduce the consequences of postpartum.
Slide 4: The potential method used for this research topic will be the qualitative approach since it
seeks to explore and understand the subjective experience and perspective of a specific group of
peripartum and postpartum women, in the context of their interactions with different treatment
options. We want to be able to provide qualitative interviews, face-to-face interviews, telephone
interviews, as well as focus groups. We hope to provide unstructured, open interview questions
that are few and that tend to elicit views and opinions from our participants and their
experiences.
Slide 5: As we are doing research, we want to ensure we are competent with section 2.01 which
is Boundaries of Competence. As a psychologist, we need to make sure that we are providing
services, teaching, and conducting research with populations and in areas only within the
boundaries of our competence, based on our education, training, supervised experience,
consultation, study, or professional experience. We also want to abide by section 4.01,
maintaining confidentiality; As Psychologists, we have a primary obligation and take reasonable
precautions to protect confidential information obtained through or stored in any medium,
recognizing that the extent and limits of confidentiality may be regulated by law or established
by institutional rules or professional or scientific relationship. Section 8.2 Informed Consent to
Research, When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent,
psychologists inform participants about the purpose of the research, expected duration, and
procedures; their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once
participation has begun; the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing; reasonably
foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as
potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects; any prospective research benefits; limits of
confidentiality; incentives for participation; and whom to contact for questions about the research
and research participants' rights. We will provide an opportunity for the prospective participants
to ask questions and receive answers. Next, we would abide by section 8.08 on Debriefing by
providing a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the
nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and take reasonable steps to correct any
misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware. Also, if
scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take
reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm. Lastly, when and if we become aware that
research procedures have harmed a participant, we take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.
Slide 6: With the large number of articles that have been included to understand the effects of
treatment options for prepartum and postpartum, there still needs to be more studies done that
can provide more outcomes for women and more education aimed at this phenomenon. The hope
is that there will be more treatment options or ways to prevent treatment from being needed in
the long run, but having a wider worldview of prepartum and postpartum depression would help
many pregnant women and those who may become pregnant, as well as those around them that
are affected by it too. This presentation has provided literature reviews with topics regarding
treatment options with peripartum and postpartum for women and their experience. We have
learned methods of how we can conduct research from those experiences and ethical issues.
Thank you for watching this presentation and look forward to bringing more awareness to this
phenomenon, thank you.
