NEED DISCUSSION IN 10 HOURS or LESS

After reading your colleague’s critique of the published

qualitative study, consider the following in your reply:

1) Do you agree with your colleague’s assessment of the assigned

study? Why or why not?

2) What evidence of reflexivity do you see (if any) that your colleague

has not mentioned?

3) What ethical implications has your colleague described? Are there

any other potential ethical issues your colleague has not mentioned?

4) What suggestions can you offer about a qualitative research design

for your colleague’s research topic?

REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY

ANSWERING THE ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS

WEEK DISCUSSION 1 (Katherine) (MINIMUM OF 300

WORDS)

What is the research question?

The question would be, 'How does a qualitative research question differ from the research question in a qualitative study, taking depression and cardiovascular disease as a basis for your research?'.

How does a qualitative research question differ from the research question in a quantitative study?

Qualitative research is a known alternative for quantitative research, using more broader scope of study in any research; its focus is on how the researcher gains insight and understanding in research, trying to use research tools to get information, and perception of circumstances. We have the phenomenological, ethnographic, historical, action, case study types in qualitative research; which involves asking broader research questions, conducting interviews, without using numbers (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Like the qualitative which can be experimental and non-experimental, with the use of words, pictures, no numbers or variables, answering the 'why' and 'how' behind a correlation of behavior. In contrast, quantitative research uses its numerics and numbers to develop statistical picture of the said research, which sheds more light with its analysis defining the experiment for the right audience.

What procedure was used to recruit participants for the sample? Was the sample size appropriate? Why or why not? The participants involves the researcher joining in with the activities of the participants

instead of just watching what is done from a distance. As mentioned in the qualitative interview study, there were 20 participating patients who were engaged in the trials (18 years and older), in a nine-week program of depression, alongside nurses who were there to guide, and the psychologist. Dealing with patients depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD); the patients actively involved in the treatment process, the challenging experience, and the thought of working to aid improvement (Hare & Toukhsati, 2014).

One can say that the sample size was quite appropriate, as the research was done with an interview, via telephone, with a good number of participants and observations which directly influenced the research findings; the precision of the estimated figures and being able to draw conclusions on the findings. To determine the appropriate sample size in qualitative research, the information given was evaluated, by the quality and how it was put and purposefully sampled, noting that in this research numbers are not used as a basis for ensuring adequate sampling. Telephone interviews can equally be said to be as effective as face-to-face interviews when taking research for data collection

What do you think the researcher’s paradigm was? Knowing that the framework try to fit in to enable a proper research plan; by understanding the aim of the study, what questions to be asked, method of analysis, the research paradigms have helped influence the researcher in the methods of research done, using critical theory. The research was exploratory, evaluative or predictive. Exploratory by using qualitative semi-structured study design for the interviews, on a one-on-one basis with participants, targeting depression in patients with heart failure, hence making it a no face-to-face contact with the patients. It was then evaluated, by assessing the competence in the research and how the patients got evaluated feedback from the nurses, with also an evaluation of the effect of internet- based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients who suffered depression, giving a knowledge of what the feedback and result would be.

What evidence of reflexivity do you see in the research report? The aim of being reflexive is to understand the fact that some beliefs may affect the research, in attempt to question my assumptions, and influences what is known without reservations or bias. In this research, it was both prospective and retrospective (the effect the researcher had on the study and vice versa). The research had its effect on the patients; changing their perspective towards how they think, behave, and the effect it had on their emotions. They were able to understand the treatment of the disease and how best to live with it, though it was quite demanding and emotionally challenging. Reflexivity gave the researcher an awareness of the values, opinion, and a great experience for its participants not minding the effect it had on them, hence pushing them closer to the aim of the study (subjective nature of qualitative research and study).

What ethical considerations were mentioned in the research report? What applicable ethical considerations can you think of that were not mentioned by the researchers?

In a research, the researcher looks at what it takes to get the research started; by getting and putting in place what is needed to do a credible and positively achievable research,

doing a mental ratio on the effect of the research, not forgetting that there could be some lapses and constraint (weighing the pros and the cons). Ethical considerations in qualitative research approach are somewhat similar to that of the quantitative, this can be seen when we look at the ethics code of conduct, and the research quality, it's informed consent, confidentiality and privacy (APA, 2017). Taking the subjectivity on the interpretation of the data and conclusion. Taking some of the feedbacks from participants, one can say that it was quite engaging, as the patients with CVD and depression were able relate with the researchers personally, with decorum and giving them a listening ear. Considerably, good ethics was practiced, as the patients were able to relate with the interviewer, feeling safe, with the feeling of not being alone in that state, expressing their thoughts, fears, and emotions.

With all of this and having read some of the interactions the patients had with the researcher, it was not mentioned that there was privacy and confidentiality in the conversations; it lacked an in-depth feeling of security as there was no code of confidentiality read to them to understand the consent, privacy of the conversations they had (like the privacy rules we usually hear while making a payment via the phone, or calling your bank, or even making a purchase). Not forgetting that these make up what gives the researcher a distinctive research, and the patients a feeling of privacy.

How might a qualitative approach be useful for the research topic you chose in Week 1?

A qualitative approach is useful in my research topic, 'Human relations', as it bothers on the motivation the patients get to stay healthy; the words spoken to them, data collected, the observations of both the researcher and patients, the narrative and approach that was used to get the patients to speak, hence making the researcher obtain insights on how they felt, and their experiences.

References American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, Amended June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspxLinks to an external site..

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. Hare DL, Toukhsati SR, Johansson P, Jaarsma T. Depression and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(21):1365-72

After reading your colleague’s critique of the published

qualitative study, consider the following in your reply: 1) Do you agree with your colleague’s assessment of the assigned

study? Why or why not?

2) What evidence of reflexivity do you see (if any) that your colleague

has not mentioned?

3) What ethical implications has your colleague described? Are there

any other potential ethical issues your colleague has not mentioned?

4) What suggestions can you offer about a qualitative research design

for your colleague’s research topic?

DISCUSSION 2 (Kassandra) (MINIMUM OF 300 WORDS)

REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S DISCUSSION BY

ANSWERING THE ABOVE INSTRUCTIONS

What is the research question? How does a qualitative research question differ from the research question in a quantitative study?

A quantitative research question aims to understand the relationship between variables where a qualitative research question aims to identify a central question and smaller sub questions to study a phenomenon or concept (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The research question in this article is, “How does an internet based CBT program help patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression?”. Unlike quantitative research studies, qualitative research does not include hypotheses because there are no predictions of outcomes (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). This study aimed to see how the internet based program affected those with CVD and depression.

What procedure was used to recruit participants for the sample? Was the sample size appropriate? Why or why not?

A randomized control trial was used that included patients 18 years and older, receiving CVD treatment and with at least mild depression (Westas et al., 2022). The randomized control trial was used to reduce selection bias. The study also included people who did the maximum number of modules and the ending sample size was 20 (Westas et al., 2022). This was an appropriate sample size because the study aimed to understand the experience of the participants which requires a small sample size with in depth questions. The phenomenological approach helps understand the lived experience of those being studied (Urcia, 2021). This study aimed to understand participants with CVD and depression and the impact the iCBT program had on their experiences.

What do you think the researcher’s paradigm was?

The paradigm in a study is composed of 2 factors, epistemology which is the belief in how knowledge is acquired and ontology which is the nature of how truth and reality are identified for an individual or group (Urcia, 2021). The paradigm in this research study was constructivism. The constructivist paradigm or worldview states that humans interpret meaning through their lived experiences (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The study utilized interviews with open ended questions to truly understand the participants individual experience with the iCBT program.

What evidence of reflexivity do you see in the research report?

In qualitative research, reflexivity is important to ensure the background and prior experiences of the researchers does not interfere with the direction or interpretation of the research (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The researchers in this article demonstrated reflexivity in their approach by having the interviews conducted from a nurse in the medical field that could help understand the answers but did not have any connection to the participants. They also conducted a process where multiple researchers were utilized to identify themes in the research and reduce selective perception. Also, the themes were reviewed several times by all of the researchers until an agreement was made.

What ethical considerations were mentioned in the research report? What applicable ethical considerations can you think of that were not mentioned by the researchers?

The telephone interviews were used in the study to reduce the likelihood that the participants would see the emotional distress from the interviewer (Westas et al., 2022). The participants were also provided with written informed consent and the data was collected utilizing appropriate methods The study was approved prior since it is using human participants. The study did not mention debriefing of the participants which I feel is essential in research studies.

How might a qualitative approach be useful for the research topic you chose in Week 1?

I plan to use a qualitative approach for my study because it is aimed at understanding the experiences of the participants. My research study is about how parenting styles in childhood affect adult interpersonal relationships.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. Urcia, I. A. (2021). Comparisons of adaptations in grounded theory and phenomenology: Selecting the specific qualitative research methodologyLinks to an external site.. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1–14.

https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211045474 Westas, M., Mourad, G., Andersson, G., Neher, M., Lundgren, J., & Johansson, P. (2022). The experience of participating in an internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy program among patients with cardiovascular disease and depression: A qualitative interview study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 294. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022- 03939-7Links to an external site.