This code describes how North Carolina correctional officers are required to supervise inmates. After reviewing this code, write a discussion board post summarizing this code. Make sure to include if you believe any revisions are needed to this code.

Part C

Discussion Forum #3 *Initial Post Due Saturday (3/29) and Response Due Sunday (3/30)*

Instructions & Ethical System Assignments: DB#3_Spring 2025.docx Download DB#3_Spring 2025.docx I attached this document

Scenario: Defense Attorney Representing Suspected Killer

Your first big case is a multiple murder. As the defense attorney representing the killer, you have come to the realization that he really did break into a couple’s home and torture and kill them in the course of robbing them of jewelry and other valuables. He has even confessed to you that he did it. However, you are also aware that the police did not read him his Miranda warnings and that he was coerced into giving a confession without your presence. What should you do?

instructionsforpartC.docx

"Initial Post" Instructions: Read the following scenario and use the 5 steps to analyze ethical dilemmas (discussed in Chapter 2 and listed below) to solve the dilemma. You will be assigned one of two ethical systems to pick from to solve the dilemma (listed below). Failure to use the system assigned to you will result in a grade of “0” for this assignment. Below you will find a list of the ethical system you have been assigned for this exercise.

Please make sure you number your answers in accordance with the 5 steps and identify which ethical system you use in response to step #5.

Please note that you must post your "initial response" by 3/29 (Saturday) by 11:55pm.

Please note that you must post your "response post" by 3/30 (Sunday) by 11:55pm.

"Response Post" Instructions: Your "initial response" is your answer, in your own words, to the assignment. Your "response post" requires that you read your classmates' posts and respond to a classmate that used a different ethical system than you to solve the dilemma presented here. In your response to your classmate, address the following questions. Your response to these questions should be in paragraph form (5-6 sentences minimum). This means do not copy/paste these questions in your response post and then answer them individually.

a) Was the conclusion you reached the same as that of your classmate who used a different ethical system than you?

b) Do you agree with the conclusion reached by your classmate? Why or why not? Be specific.

c) Which system do you think came up with the best response (the system you used or the system your classmate used)? Explain.

d) Which system would you have preferred to use to solve this dilemma if allowed to chose any of the six ethical systems?

Scenario: Defense Attorney Representing Suspected Killer

5 Steps to Analyze Ethical Dilemmas

1. Identify the facts: Only identify the facts presented in the given scenario. Do not include any extra information or your feelings/opinions. Make sure to list all the facts mentioned in the scenario.

1. Identify relevant values: List at least 3 values relevant to this case (refer to pg. 11, Box 1.3, for examples of values).

1. Identify all possible ethical dilemmas for each party involved: Dilemmas refer to the possible courses of action one can take to address the situation. Examples of dilemmas include: As a police officer, do I take money in exchange for not arresting someone? As a lawyer, do I ignore the evidence in this case? The dilemmas must be written in question form.

1. Decide what the most immediate ethical dilemma identified in step #3 is: You must pick only one of the dilemmas (questions) you have identified in step #3. This is the dilemma you will resolve in step #5.

1. Resolve the dilemma by using one of the two ethical systems you have been assigned for the assignment (see below). In your response you need to: explicitly state the system you used, the resolution to the dilemma you picked in step #4 and explain how the ethical system you pick led you to this conclusion. Your answer should be detailed and should demonstrate your understanding of the ethical system you pick and how that ethical system results in the resolution you make. **Make sure you state your resolution clearly .

Assignment of Ethical Systems:

1. Ethics of Virtue or Ethics of Care:

Last Name starts with N-Z

1. Natural Law or Religion:

Last Name starts with A-G

1. Ethical Formalism or Utilitarianism:

Last Name starts with H-M

Pollock_Ethics_10e_Ch02_PPT.pptx

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice

Tenth Edition

Chapter 2

Determining Moral Behavior

Learning Objectives

Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Discuss the argument as to whether egoism is an ethical system.

Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism).

Identify what is good according to each of the ethical systems discussed in the chapter.

Ethical Systems

Systematic ordering of moral principles that:

Form the basis for moral judgments

Are the source of moral beliefs

Are beyond argument

Are internally consistent

Possess a type of “moral common sense”

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

The Ethics of Virtue (1 of 2)

The ethics of virtue asks the question, “What is a good person?”

The roots of this system are in the work of Aristotle.

The “principle of the Golden Mean” is that virtue is always the median between two extremes of character.

Virtues that a good person possesses include thriftiness, temperance, humility, industriousness, and honesty.

Josephson Institute lists six pillars: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship.

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

The Ethics of Virtue (2 of 2)

Basically assumes a good person will make a good decision.

Little help for people facing dilemmas.

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Natural Law (1 of 2)

A universal set of rights and wrongs that is similar to many religious beliefs, but there is no reference to a specific supernatural figure.

Morality is part of the natural order of the universe and is the same across cultures and times.

The pursuit of knowledge recognized as a natural inclination of humans

“Natural rights” are the rights that everyone has purely by virtue of being alive

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Natural Law (2 of 2)

How can we determine what is natural law versus man-made law?

What are the “natural” laws of morality?

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Religion

Religious ethics includes Judeo-Christian ethics, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Islam among others. They are based on religious beliefs of good and evil; what is good is that which is God’s will.

Humans can “know” God’s will in three ways:

Individual conscience

Religious authorities

Holy scriptures

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Ethical Formalism (1 of 3)

Ethical formalism: ethical system espoused by Kant; focuses on duty.

Deontological ethical system: study of duty or moral obligation emphasizing the intent of the actor as the element of morality.

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

Ethical Formalism (2 of 3)

Principles of Kant’s theory:

Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.

Act as if you were, through your maxims, a lawmaking member of a kingdom of ends.

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

Ethical Formalism (3 of 3)

Criticisms of ethical formalism

Ethical formalism seems to be unresponsive to extreme circumstances.

Morality is limited to duty.

The priority of motive and intent over result is problematic in some instances.

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism (1 of 2)

Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical system: what is good is determined by the consequences of the action.

Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)—a major proponent of utilitarianism

Criticisms of Utilitarianism:

All pleasures or benefits are not of equal value.

Utilitarianism presumes that one can predict the consequences of actions.

There is little concern for individual rights in utilitarianism.

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism (2 of 2)

Act utilitarianism: the basic utility derived from an action is alone examined.

Rule utilitarianism: one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.

LO 1: Define deontological and teleological ethical systems, and explain ethical formalism and utilitarianism.

The Ethics of Care (1 of 2)

Based on human relationships and needs

Described as a feminine morality

Leads not to different solutions necessarily, but perhaps different questions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)

Eastern religions, such as Taoism, are consistent with the ethics of care.

The “restorative justice” movement is consistent with the ethics of care.

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

The Ethics of Care (2 of 2)

Peacemaking process

Connectedness

Caring

Mindfulness

LO 2: Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral—specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of care.

Egoism: Ethical System or Not?

Egoism postulates that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral.

Psychological egoism: humans are naturally egoists.

Enlightened egoism: each person’s objective is long-term welfare.

Rejected by most philosophers because it violates the basic tenets of an ethical system.

LO 3: Discuss the argument as to whether egoism is an ethical system.

Other Methods of Ethical Decision Making (1 of 2)

Imperative principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule.

Utilitarian principle determines the ethics of conduct by the good or bad consequences of the action.

Generalization principle is based on: “What would happen if all similar persons acted this way under similar circumstances?”

LO 4: Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism).

Other Methods of Ethical Decision Making (2 of 2)

Does the action violate another person’s constitutional rights, including the right of due process?

Does the action involve treating another person only as a means to an end?

Is the action illegal?

Do you predict that your action will produce more bad than good for all persons affected?

Does the action violate department procedure or professional duty?

LO 4: Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism).

Using Ethical Systems to Resolve Dilemmas

Identify the facts.

Identify relevant values and concepts.

Identify all possible moral dilemmas for each party involved.

Decide what is the most immediate moral or ethical issue facing the individual.

Resolve the ethical or moral dilemma by using an ethical system or some other means of decision making.

LO 5: Identify what is good according to each of the ethical systems discussed in the chapter.

Relativism, Absolutism, and Universalism (1 of 2)

Ethical Relativism

Moral systems are products of an individual or group.

If people believe different things are good and bad, how can you define what is good?

Cultural Relativism

“Good” depends on the norms of each society. What is acceptable in one society might not be in another.

Who is to say which society is right?

However, FATAL FLAW in relativism is: Why should anyone obey their cultural norms since they may be right in another place or another time?

LO 4: Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism).

Relativism, Absolutism, and Universalism (2 of 2)

Absolutism: Idea that what is wrong is always wrong and what is right is always right; e.g., you should never lie.

Universalism: If you want to do something, you should be able to agree that everyone can do it.

Even under Absolutist Ethics, there is Principle of Forfeiture: People who violate the rights of others forfeit their own rights.

LO 4: Explain the controversy between relativism and absolutism (or universalism).

Situational Ethics

Although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different responses.

Hinman terms this “moral pluralism.”

Different from relativism because it acknowledges the existence of absolute norms

LO 5: Identify what is good according to each of the ethical systems discussed in the chapter.

Discussion Questions

If you believe that stealing is wrong, why do you believe this to be so? Your answer is an indication of your ethical system.

Under which ethical system would assassinating tyrants such as Adolf Hitler and Osama Bin Laden be considered moral and why? What do other ethical systems say about such an act?

If someone performs some activity that looks on the surface to be altruistic but does it with an ulterior motive—is that act still considered moral? Provide examples of true goodwill and examples of acts that only appear to be goodwill.

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