MATHEMATICS

What should be the aspect ratio d/L for the transverse LiNiO3 phase modulator in Figure 9Q16-1 that

will operate at a free-space wavelength of 1.3 μm and will provide a phase shift Δφ of π (half wavelength)

between the two field components propagating through the crystal for an applied voltage of 20 V? The

Pockels coefficient r22 is 3.2 × 10-12 m/V and no = 2.2