I need help link

9.2. Post an example from the popular press (with link) on associations claimed to be causal Respond to one of these examples as well Post should be 1 paragraph and so should the response

Examples

Causal Associations between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and COVID-19 Link: https://www.imrpress.com/journal/JIN/23/4/10.31083/j.jin2304068

Links to an external site. This example shows a study that wanted to look at the relationship between

PTSD or post traumatic stress disorder and COVID-19. The research looked at PTSD and two different covid conditions such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization using MR analyses or Mendelian randomization. The analysis gave results for hospitalization at (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07–1.67, p = 0.001) and infection at (odds ratio (OR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.21, p = 0.048). The studies concluded that there is a causal association of PTSD with an increased risk for COVID-19 vulnerability and extremity. The research also suggested that through treating PTSD early on it could help with the causal association. I feel that when people have PTSD, their immune system is lowered due to high levels of stress and cortisol. Which would end up lending to being associated with being at more risk to get infected or be hospitalized. The article claimed that, though PTSD is a causal association for COVID-19 infection or hospitalization, COVID-19 or hospitalization is not a causal association with PTSD. I find this could be proved untrue. I think a lot of people suffer from PTSD due to having COVID-19 or being hospitalized from it but that would take another study to look at.

Reply Reply to Comment Collapse Subdiscussion Sharise Talley

Sharise Talley 9:56am

May 27 at 9:56am

Manage Discussion Entry Title: "Causal Association Between COVID-19 and Pregnancy Outcomes"

Source: JAMA Network Open Link:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779586 Summary: A recent study published in JAMA Network Open explores the causal association between COVID-19 infection and pregnancy outcomes. The study utilizes data from large-scale population surveys and longitudinal studies to investigate whether COVID-19 infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal complications. While the study does not establish definitive causation, it provides evidence of a potential link between COVID-19 infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of prioritizing pregnant individuals for COVID-19 vaccination and implementing preventive measures to mitigate the risk of infection during pregnancy. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this association and inform clinical management strategies for pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aileen Lor

Aileen Lor 7:40pm

May 27 at 7:40pm

Manage Discussion Entry Hi Sharise,

Thank you for your post! The causal association between COVID-19 and Pregnancy has been an ongoing topic in the healthcare region. It's interesting to note that there is still research that needs to be done to see the ongoing mechanisms to see how this association can be affected in the long term. One thing I found interesting in your study is their statement about prioritizing pregnant individuals for COVID-19 vaccination. I wonder how this can be followed up with the causation of the outcome of those who are not vaccinated. Thank you for your post! Aileen

Reply Reply to Comment Collapse Subdiscussion

Aileen Lor

Aileen Lor 7:35pm

May 27 at 7:35pm

Manage Discussion Entry Evidence for a Causal Association of Low Birth Weight and

Attention Problems Link: Evidence for a Causal Association of Low Birth Weight and Attention Problems - ScienceDirect

Links to an external site. In a study done by VU University Amsterdam, low birth weight (LBW) is

associated with attention problems (AP), along with ADHD. The study states that the etiology of the association is unclear, but investigates whether there is a causal influence of birth weight on APs and if that birth weight is medicated to catch up on growth in LBW children. The method that was use was to have longitudinal data from about >29,000 twins that were registered with the Netherlands Twin Register with a birth weight under or equal to 1,5000g and an age of about 32 weeks. They were analyzed in a control method. “Hyperactivity and AP were assessed at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 years; weight was assessed at birth and age 2 years.” The results of the study showed that children in the lowest birth weight category (1,500 to 2,000g) had a data of 0.18 to 0.37 standard deviations higher on AP than children who were in the category of birth weight 3,000 to 3,5000g. Children who were lower in birth weight scored higher hyperactivity and AP than children with higher birth weights. “This pattern is consistent with a causal effect of BW on AP.” The conclusion the study came to was that the results strongly indicated that the association between birth weight and AP was casual.