Human sexuality | Psychology homework help

HSModule2class.pptx

Module 2

Anatomy and Physiology

PSYC360

Human Sexuality Seminar

1

At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Objectives

Objectives At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Psychology and psychiatry recognize that knowing the anatomy and physiology of our bodies is necessary for good mental functioning. In relation to sexuality, not knowing our body and its sexual and reproductive capabilities can increase the possibility of developing dysfunctions, mental disorders and other problems. Learning about anatomy provides the individual with the opportunity to prevent adverse situations, improve sexual experiences, and be aware of possible anomalies in their development.

This module focuses on human anatomy related to sexuality to provide basic information about its functioning, as well as to provide historical and cultural context. Additional examples and case studies of functional diversity are included to demonstrate the complexities of human physiology and anatomy.

Introduction

Male anatomy

Female anatomy

Intersex anatomy

Sexual response

The nervous system

Endocrine system

Genetic and hormonal factors

Anatomy and physiology

Male Anatomy: Genitalia and Sex Organs

Internal and external reproductive organs (Penis)

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Images taken from Dodd's text (2020).

External reproductive organs (Vulva)

Internal reproductive organs (Vagina)

Breast/Bust

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Female Anatomy: Genitalia and Sexual Organs

7

Anatomy and Physiology: Variations in Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation.

Variations in sex, gender and sexual orientation occur in the animal kingdom. Evidence of homosexual or bisexual orientation has been found in more than 500 species of animals, and over 60,000 species are intersexual in anatomy..

In humans, there are more than 150 million people who have intersex anatomy. Although there are exceptions, most of these people lead relatively normal lives. Biological sex is NOT binary.

Gender also varies, transgender people are those whose gender identity does not correspond to their biological sex.

Sexual orientation is diverse as well. Although we talk more about heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual, it has been discussed that sexual orientation is a continuum and that there are many categories between straight and homosexual.

Anatomy: Endocrine and Nervous System

The Nervous System

The parts of the brain believed to be related to sexual response are mainly the hypothalamus and the limbic system.

Endocrine System

The endocrine system uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's internal metabolism (or homeostasis), energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress and environmental factors. The endocrine system affects sexuality. The androgen hormones (males) and estrogen hormones (females) are responsible for the main influences. In the stage between birth and puberty, hormone production is low. At puberty, more hormones begin to be produced, leading to changes in muscle mass, breast development and menstruation in girls, facial and pubic hair, as well as voice changes.

9

Anatomy: Respect and Power of Knowledge

Mental health experts should keep up to date with advances in the area of sexuality. Use correct and appropriate terminology for body parts and sexual organs.

As stated in the profession's code of ethics, respect for all people is a key part of being a capable and responsible expert.

Avoid using binary language regarding sex and gender. Do not assume, do not judge, ask questions and be responsive.

Gender expression is complex and the first step to understanding it is to recognize that we were raised to assume many things are wrong.

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example:

Modelo de Masters and Johnson-1966 (4 etapas)

It was criticized for being only physiological; future models considered other psychological and social factors.

1- Excitement

2- Meseta (Plateau)

3 - Orgasmo

4 - Resolution phase

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example: Basson (2008) Model that includes biopsychosocial factors.

Initial sexual desire (Variable)

Satisfaction/absence of pain

Biological and psychological factors

Multiple motivations - Incentives to instigate sex

Willingness to be responsive

Subjective excitement

Excitement stimulus desire

Non-sexual reward Emotional intimacy Well-being

Sexual stimulation with appropriate context

Stimulus processing

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

Our senses contribute to arousal when stimulated.

Some examples:

Smell- Pheromones, perfume, semen, vaginal fluids, sweat

Sound- Music, moaning, "dirty" talk

Sight- Pornography, beauty, lingerie

Taste- Skin, lips, chocolate, alcohol

Touch- Kissing, tickling, warmth, cold, feeling skin or a feather

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

It's important to remember:

Arousal can vary and is not static. It can change over time or per partner.

Sexual interests evolve and change according to the stage of human development.

A key part of knowing ourselves is knowing what turns us on and what brings us satisfaction that leads to the pleasurable physiological reaction.

As a mental health professional, you should not assume information about people's anatomy and physiology when discussing sexuality.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Orgasm

Orgasm releases pleasure and affection chemicals (Oxytocin and Vasopressin) that enhance pleasant feelings.

Models of sexuality usually see orgasm as the goal. But it does not have to be this way, since the initial sexual desire can be for the enjoyment of touch and intimacy. Diversity of experiences and practices:

Tantric sex is a well-known practice in India that uses strategies of prolonging intimacy and sensuality for hours, in order to achieve spiritual transcendence through sexual stimulation.

Myths and Realities

Myth	Reality
What is exciting or stimulates people is the same regardless of culture.	In different cultures there is a lot of variety about what is exciting or stimulating. At the individual level there is also much diversity. Despite the messages we receive in the media and elsewhere, what turns a person on can be influenced by a few or many diverse factors.
Talking and discussing sex education issues openly will have negative results; it may cause people to have more sex and engage in dangerous behaviors.	Healthy communication and proper information exchange helps people develop into healthy adults. There is no evidence of negative outcomes if educated using objective, science-based information. Education about the basics of anatomy and physiology is of particular importance. Knowing our genitals and sexual organs contributes to physical health and prevention of diseases and disorders.

In-Class Exercise: Reflection and Discussion

How do cultural norms about nudity impact our comfort level with genitalia?

Did you feel comfortable reviewing the topics and images included in this presentation? Evaluate and reflect on the implications of your response.

Although the topics discussed in this module are not directly related to psychology in some cases, it is necessary to understand sexual anatomy in order to discuss the topics in the next modules.

The work of psychiatrists is of particular importance, as they are people who study medicine and then specialize in mental health. Psychology majors take courses related to physical health and how it can affect mental health. There is a clear and established relationship between our physical functioning and mental health. Psychology works in conjunction with the topics of biology and genetics to gain further knowledge about behavior.

This second module focuses on the biological basis of human sexuality and provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. Students are encouraged to seek out more information on the subject to gain a better understanding of how it works.

Summary

References

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). intersex. En APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/intersex.

Planned Parenthood. (2020). Sexual and reproductive anatomy. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the female sexual anatomy? https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-femenina

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the male sexual anatomy?. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-masculina

Cour, F., Droupy, S., Faix, A., Methorst, C., & Giuliano, F. (2013). Anatomie et physiologie de la sexualité [Anatomy and physiology of sexuality]. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie, 23(9), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2012.11.007

Other references

Consultation text (Suggested)

Dodd, S. (2020). Sex-positive social work. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Lehmiller, J. J. (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. Second edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

References

Links to publications and/or articles on the Web:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/

AsapSCIENCE. (2021, March 31). Why your penis is shrinking [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9vQ-bebJwA

AsapSCIENCE. (2018, January 18). Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised-Which is better? [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ich3x5XphK4

AsapSCIENCE. (2013, January 10). We were all female [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1Kdoja3hlk

Britannica. (2020). Physiological aspects. In Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sexual-activity/Sociosexual-activity

Csaba G. (2017). The Present and Future of Human Sexuality: Impact of Faulty Perinatal Hormonal Imprinting. Sexual medicine reviews, 5(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.10.002

Dreger, A. (2010, December). Is anatomy destiny?. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/alice_dreger_is_anatomy_destiny

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Hormones and the Endocrine System. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hormones-and-the-endocrine-system

Kelly, D. (2012, April). What we didn’t know about penis anatomy. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/diane_kelly_what_we_didn_t_know_about_penis_anatomy

Lucas, D. & Fox, J. (2021). The psychology of human sexuality. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. http://noba.to/9gsqhd6v

Temko, S. (2019, May). What it means to be intersex. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/susannah_temko_what_it_means_to_be_intersex

Vázquez, S. (2021). Módulo 2: Anatomía y fisiología. [Diapositivas de PowerPoint]. Universidad Ana G. Méndez Recinto Online. Seminario de Sexualidad Humana. Blackboard. http://uagm.blackboard.com

image1.png

image2.png

image4.png

image5.png

image10.png

image11.png

image12.png

image13.png

HSmodule.2Journal.docx

Journal - Understanding the Material (Assessment)

Instructions

Reflect and complete the following premises, using the Journal to answer three to five sentences per premise.

· What is the most important thing you have learned from the information presented in Module 1 and 2?

· What relevance do you see for your future as a professional?

· Briefly share any questions, topics of interest, or other items related to the material in Module 1 and 2.

Contribute a minimum of 2 -4 pages. It should include at least 2 academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

Be sure to review the academic expectations for your submission.

Submission Instructions:

· Submit your assignment by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday.

· Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.

· Your assignment will be run through Turnitin to check for plagiarism.

HSModule2class.pptx

Module 2

Anatomy and Physiology

PSYC360

Human Sexuality Seminar

1

At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Objectives

Objectives At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Psychology and psychiatry recognize that knowing the anatomy and physiology of our bodies is necessary for good mental functioning. In relation to sexuality, not knowing our body and its sexual and reproductive capabilities can increase the possibility of developing dysfunctions, mental disorders and other problems. Learning about anatomy provides the individual with the opportunity to prevent adverse situations, improve sexual experiences, and be aware of possible anomalies in their development.

This module focuses on human anatomy related to sexuality to provide basic information about its functioning, as well as to provide historical and cultural context. Additional examples and case studies of functional diversity are included to demonstrate the complexities of human physiology and anatomy.

Introduction

Male anatomy

Female anatomy

Intersex anatomy

Sexual response

The nervous system

Endocrine system

Genetic and hormonal factors

Anatomy and physiology

Male Anatomy: Genitalia and Sex Organs

Internal and external reproductive organs (Penis)

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Images taken from Dodd's text (2020).

External reproductive organs (Vulva)

Internal reproductive organs (Vagina)

Breast/Bust

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Female Anatomy: Genitalia and Sexual Organs

7

Anatomy and Physiology: Variations in Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation.

Variations in sex, gender and sexual orientation occur in the animal kingdom. Evidence of homosexual or bisexual orientation has been found in more than 500 species of animals, and over 60,000 species are intersexual in anatomy..

In humans, there are more than 150 million people who have intersex anatomy. Although there are exceptions, most of these people lead relatively normal lives. Biological sex is NOT binary.

Gender also varies, transgender people are those whose gender identity does not correspond to their biological sex.

Sexual orientation is diverse as well. Although we talk more about heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual, it has been discussed that sexual orientation is a continuum and that there are many categories between straight and homosexual.

Anatomy: Endocrine and Nervous System

The Nervous System

The parts of the brain believed to be related to sexual response are mainly the hypothalamus and the limbic system.

Endocrine System

The endocrine system uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's internal metabolism (or homeostasis), energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress and environmental factors. The endocrine system affects sexuality. The androgen hormones (males) and estrogen hormones (females) are responsible for the main influences. In the stage between birth and puberty, hormone production is low. At puberty, more hormones begin to be produced, leading to changes in muscle mass, breast development and menstruation in girls, facial and pubic hair, as well as voice changes.

9

Anatomy: Respect and Power of Knowledge

Mental health experts should keep up to date with advances in the area of sexuality. Use correct and appropriate terminology for body parts and sexual organs.

As stated in the profession's code of ethics, respect for all people is a key part of being a capable and responsible expert.

Avoid using binary language regarding sex and gender. Do not assume, do not judge, ask questions and be responsive.

Gender expression is complex and the first step to understanding it is to recognize that we were raised to assume many things are wrong.

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example:

Modelo de Masters and Johnson-1966 (4 etapas)

It was criticized for being only physiological; future models considered other psychological and social factors.

1- Excitement

2- Meseta (Plateau)

3 - Orgasmo

4 - Resolution phase

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example: Basson (2008) Model that includes biopsychosocial factors.

Initial sexual desire (Variable)

Satisfaction/absence of pain

Biological and psychological factors

Multiple motivations - Incentives to instigate sex

Willingness to be responsive

Subjective excitement

Excitement stimulus desire

Non-sexual reward Emotional intimacy Well-being

Sexual stimulation with appropriate context

Stimulus processing

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

Our senses contribute to arousal when stimulated.

Some examples:

Smell- Pheromones, perfume, semen, vaginal fluids, sweat

Sound- Music, moaning, "dirty" talk

Sight- Pornography, beauty, lingerie

Taste- Skin, lips, chocolate, alcohol

Touch- Kissing, tickling, warmth, cold, feeling skin or a feather

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

It's important to remember:

Arousal can vary and is not static. It can change over time or per partner.

Sexual interests evolve and change according to the stage of human development.

A key part of knowing ourselves is knowing what turns us on and what brings us satisfaction that leads to the pleasurable physiological reaction.

As a mental health professional, you should not assume information about people's anatomy and physiology when discussing sexuality.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Orgasm

Orgasm releases pleasure and affection chemicals (Oxytocin and Vasopressin) that enhance pleasant feelings.

Models of sexuality usually see orgasm as the goal. But it does not have to be this way, since the initial sexual desire can be for the enjoyment of touch and intimacy. Diversity of experiences and practices:

Tantric sex is a well-known practice in India that uses strategies of prolonging intimacy and sensuality for hours, in order to achieve spiritual transcendence through sexual stimulation.

Myths and Realities

Myth	Reality
What is exciting or stimulates people is the same regardless of culture.	In different cultures there is a lot of variety about what is exciting or stimulating. At the individual level there is also much diversity. Despite the messages we receive in the media and elsewhere, what turns a person on can be influenced by a few or many diverse factors.
Talking and discussing sex education issues openly will have negative results; it may cause people to have more sex and engage in dangerous behaviors.	Healthy communication and proper information exchange helps people develop into healthy adults. There is no evidence of negative outcomes if educated using objective, science-based information. Education about the basics of anatomy and physiology is of particular importance. Knowing our genitals and sexual organs contributes to physical health and prevention of diseases and disorders.

In-Class Exercise: Reflection and Discussion

How do cultural norms about nudity impact our comfort level with genitalia?

Did you feel comfortable reviewing the topics and images included in this presentation? Evaluate and reflect on the implications of your response.

Although the topics discussed in this module are not directly related to psychology in some cases, it is necessary to understand sexual anatomy in order to discuss the topics in the next modules.

The work of psychiatrists is of particular importance, as they are people who study medicine and then specialize in mental health. Psychology majors take courses related to physical health and how it can affect mental health. There is a clear and established relationship between our physical functioning and mental health. Psychology works in conjunction with the topics of biology and genetics to gain further knowledge about behavior.

This second module focuses on the biological basis of human sexuality and provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. Students are encouraged to seek out more information on the subject to gain a better understanding of how it works.

Summary

References

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). intersex. En APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/intersex.

Planned Parenthood. (2020). Sexual and reproductive anatomy. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the female sexual anatomy? https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-femenina

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the male sexual anatomy?. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-masculina

Cour, F., Droupy, S., Faix, A., Methorst, C., & Giuliano, F. (2013). Anatomie et physiologie de la sexualité [Anatomy and physiology of sexuality]. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie, 23(9), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2012.11.007

Other references

Consultation text (Suggested)

Dodd, S. (2020). Sex-positive social work. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Lehmiller, J. J. (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. Second edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

References

Links to publications and/or articles on the Web:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/

AsapSCIENCE. (2021, March 31). Why your penis is shrinking [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9vQ-bebJwA

AsapSCIENCE. (2018, January 18). Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised-Which is better? [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ich3x5XphK4

AsapSCIENCE. (2013, January 10). We were all female [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1Kdoja3hlk

Britannica. (2020). Physiological aspects. In Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sexual-activity/Sociosexual-activity

Csaba G. (2017). The Present and Future of Human Sexuality: Impact of Faulty Perinatal Hormonal Imprinting. Sexual medicine reviews, 5(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.10.002

Dreger, A. (2010, December). Is anatomy destiny?. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/alice_dreger_is_anatomy_destiny

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Hormones and the Endocrine System. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hormones-and-the-endocrine-system

Kelly, D. (2012, April). What we didn’t know about penis anatomy. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/diane_kelly_what_we_didn_t_know_about_penis_anatomy

Lucas, D. & Fox, J. (2021). The psychology of human sexuality. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. http://noba.to/9gsqhd6v

Temko, S. (2019, May). What it means to be intersex. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/susannah_temko_what_it_means_to_be_intersex

Vázquez, S. (2021). Módulo 2: Anatomía y fisiología. [Diapositivas de PowerPoint]. Universidad Ana G. Méndez Recinto Online. Seminario de Sexualidad Humana. Blackboard. http://uagm.blackboard.com

image1.png

image2.png

image4.png

image5.png

image10.png

image11.png

image12.png

image13.png

HSmodule.2Journal.docx

Journal - Understanding the Material (Assessment)

Instructions

Reflect and complete the following premises, using the Journal to answer three to five sentences per premise.

· What is the most important thing you have learned from the information presented in Module 1 and 2?

· What relevance do you see for your future as a professional?

· Briefly share any questions, topics of interest, or other items related to the material in Module 1 and 2.

Contribute a minimum of 2 -4 pages. It should include at least 2 academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

Be sure to review the academic expectations for your submission.

Submission Instructions:

· Submit your assignment by 11:59 PM Eastern on Sunday.

· Review the rubric to determine how your assignment will be graded.

· Your assignment will be run through Turnitin to check for plagiarism.

HSModule2class.pptx

Module 2

Anatomy and Physiology

PSYC360

Human Sexuality Seminar

1

At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Objectives

Objectives At the end of the module the student will:

Contrast between the different types of human anatomy and identify the role of sexual and reproductive organs.

Associate the study of behavior with the study of human sexuality for a better understanding of sexual responses and their effect on our physical and mental development.

Psychology and psychiatry recognize that knowing the anatomy and physiology of our bodies is necessary for good mental functioning. In relation to sexuality, not knowing our body and its sexual and reproductive capabilities can increase the possibility of developing dysfunctions, mental disorders and other problems. Learning about anatomy provides the individual with the opportunity to prevent adverse situations, improve sexual experiences, and be aware of possible anomalies in their development.

This module focuses on human anatomy related to sexuality to provide basic information about its functioning, as well as to provide historical and cultural context. Additional examples and case studies of functional diversity are included to demonstrate the complexities of human physiology and anatomy.

Introduction

Male anatomy

Female anatomy

Intersex anatomy

Sexual response

The nervous system

Endocrine system

Genetic and hormonal factors

Anatomy and physiology

Male Anatomy: Genitalia and Sex Organs

Internal and external reproductive organs (Penis)

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Images taken from Dodd's text (2020).

External reproductive organs (Vulva)

Internal reproductive organs (Vagina)

Breast/Bust

Explanatory note: There is variation in the configuration, shape, color and size of the genitalia. In addition, the wide range of variations in chromosomes means that 2 percent of people have characteristics of both (male and female anatomy).

Female Anatomy: Genitalia and Sexual Organs

7

Anatomy and Physiology: Variations in Sex, Gender and Sexual Orientation.

Variations in sex, gender and sexual orientation occur in the animal kingdom. Evidence of homosexual or bisexual orientation has been found in more than 500 species of animals, and over 60,000 species are intersexual in anatomy..

In humans, there are more than 150 million people who have intersex anatomy. Although there are exceptions, most of these people lead relatively normal lives. Biological sex is NOT binary.

Gender also varies, transgender people are those whose gender identity does not correspond to their biological sex.

Sexual orientation is diverse as well. Although we talk more about heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual, it has been discussed that sexual orientation is a continuum and that there are many categories between straight and homosexual.

Anatomy: Endocrine and Nervous System

The Nervous System

The parts of the brain believed to be related to sexual response are mainly the hypothalamus and the limbic system.

Endocrine System

The endocrine system uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's internal metabolism (or homeostasis), energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress and environmental factors. The endocrine system affects sexuality. The androgen hormones (males) and estrogen hormones (females) are responsible for the main influences. In the stage between birth and puberty, hormone production is low. At puberty, more hormones begin to be produced, leading to changes in muscle mass, breast development and menstruation in girls, facial and pubic hair, as well as voice changes.

9

Anatomy: Respect and Power of Knowledge

Mental health experts should keep up to date with advances in the area of sexuality. Use correct and appropriate terminology for body parts and sexual organs.

As stated in the profession's code of ethics, respect for all people is a key part of being a capable and responsible expert.

Avoid using binary language regarding sex and gender. Do not assume, do not judge, ask questions and be responsive.

Gender expression is complex and the first step to understanding it is to recognize that we were raised to assume many things are wrong.

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example:

Modelo de Masters and Johnson-1966 (4 etapas)

It was criticized for being only physiological; future models considered other psychological and social factors.

1- Excitement

2- Meseta (Plateau)

3 - Orgasmo

4 - Resolution phase

Stimulus and Sexual Response

Example: Basson (2008) Model that includes biopsychosocial factors.

Initial sexual desire (Variable)

Satisfaction/absence of pain

Biological and psychological factors

Multiple motivations - Incentives to instigate sex

Willingness to be responsive

Subjective excitement

Excitement stimulus desire

Non-sexual reward Emotional intimacy Well-being

Sexual stimulation with appropriate context

Stimulus processing

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

Our senses contribute to arousal when stimulated.

Some examples:

Smell- Pheromones, perfume, semen, vaginal fluids, sweat

Sound- Music, moaning, "dirty" talk

Sight- Pornography, beauty, lingerie

Taste- Skin, lips, chocolate, alcohol

Touch- Kissing, tickling, warmth, cold, feeling skin or a feather

Anatomy and Physiology: Desire and Arousal

It's important to remember:

Arousal can vary and is not static. It can change over time or per partner.

Sexual interests evolve and change according to the stage of human development.

A key part of knowing ourselves is knowing what turns us on and what brings us satisfaction that leads to the pleasurable physiological reaction.

As a mental health professional, you should not assume information about people's anatomy and physiology when discussing sexuality.

Anatomy and Physiology: The Orgasm

Orgasm releases pleasure and affection chemicals (Oxytocin and Vasopressin) that enhance pleasant feelings.

Models of sexuality usually see orgasm as the goal. But it does not have to be this way, since the initial sexual desire can be for the enjoyment of touch and intimacy. Diversity of experiences and practices:

Tantric sex is a well-known practice in India that uses strategies of prolonging intimacy and sensuality for hours, in order to achieve spiritual transcendence through sexual stimulation.

Myths and Realities

Myth	Reality
What is exciting or stimulates people is the same regardless of culture.	In different cultures there is a lot of variety about what is exciting or stimulating. At the individual level there is also much diversity. Despite the messages we receive in the media and elsewhere, what turns a person on can be influenced by a few or many diverse factors.
Talking and discussing sex education issues openly will have negative results; it may cause people to have more sex and engage in dangerous behaviors.	Healthy communication and proper information exchange helps people develop into healthy adults. There is no evidence of negative outcomes if educated using objective, science-based information. Education about the basics of anatomy and physiology is of particular importance. Knowing our genitals and sexual organs contributes to physical health and prevention of diseases and disorders.

In-Class Exercise: Reflection and Discussion

How do cultural norms about nudity impact our comfort level with genitalia?

Did you feel comfortable reviewing the topics and images included in this presentation? Evaluate and reflect on the implications of your response.

Although the topics discussed in this module are not directly related to psychology in some cases, it is necessary to understand sexual anatomy in order to discuss the topics in the next modules.

The work of psychiatrists is of particular importance, as they are people who study medicine and then specialize in mental health. Psychology majors take courses related to physical health and how it can affect mental health. There is a clear and established relationship between our physical functioning and mental health. Psychology works in conjunction with the topics of biology and genetics to gain further knowledge about behavior.

This second module focuses on the biological basis of human sexuality and provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. Students are encouraged to seek out more information on the subject to gain a better understanding of how it works.

Summary

References

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). intersex. En APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/intersex.

Planned Parenthood. (2020). Sexual and reproductive anatomy. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the female sexual anatomy? https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-femenina

Planned Parenthood. (2020). What are the parts of the male sexual anatomy?. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/es/temas-de-salud/salud-y-bienestar/anatomia-sexual-y-reproductiva/cuales-son-las-partes-de-la-anatomia-sexual-masculina

Cour, F., Droupy, S., Faix, A., Methorst, C., & Giuliano, F. (2013). Anatomie et physiologie de la sexualité [Anatomy and physiology of sexuality]. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie, 23(9), 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2012.11.007

Other references

Consultation text (Suggested)

Dodd, S. (2020). Sex-positive social work. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Lehmiller, J. J. (2017). The Psychology of Human Sexuality. Second edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

References

Links to publications and/or articles on the Web:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/

AsapSCIENCE. (2021, March 31). Why your penis is shrinking [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9vQ-bebJwA

AsapSCIENCE. (2018, January 18). Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised-Which is better? [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ich3x5XphK4

AsapSCIENCE. (2013, January 10). We were all female [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1Kdoja3hlk

Britannica. (2020). Physiological aspects. In Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-sexual-activity/Sociosexual-activity

Csaba G. (2017). The Present and Future of Human Sexuality: Impact of Faulty Perinatal Hormonal Imprinting. Sexual medicine reviews, 5(2), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.10.002

Dreger, A. (2010, December). Is anatomy destiny?. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/alice_dreger_is_anatomy_destiny

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Hormones and the Endocrine System. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hormones-and-the-endocrine-system

Kelly, D. (2012, April). What we didn’t know about penis anatomy. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/diane_kelly_what_we_didn_t_know_about_penis_anatomy

Lucas, D. & Fox, J. (2021). The psychology of human sexuality. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. http://noba.to/9gsqhd6v

Temko, S. (2019, May). What it means to be intersex. [Video]. TED talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/susannah_temko_what_it_means_to_be_intersex

Vázquez, S. (2021). Módulo 2: Anatomía y fisiología. [Diapositivas de PowerPoint]. Universidad Ana G. Méndez Recinto Online. Seminario de Sexualidad Humana. Blackboard. http://uagm.blackboard.com