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References Crawford, C. (2020). Resilience Governance for Infrastructure Dependencies and Interdependencies: A Practical Model for Regional Critical Infrastructure Resilience, Northeastern University Global Resilience Institute. https://globalresilience.northeastern.edu/resilience-governance-for-infrastructure-dependencies-and- interdependencies-a-practical-model-for-regional-critical-infrastructure-resilience/

Dolan, K., Hunt, V., Prince, S., & Sancier-Sultan, S. (2020, May). Diversity Still Matters. McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-still-matters

https://ciri.illinois.edu/research/business-case-resilience

Introduction: Resilience and Homeland Security: Theory to Practice This week we start to move from “theory” of resilience to its’ “practice” application. Within the study of resilience this means taking documents such as PPD-21 and analyzing exactly how a document like that can be applied. This exercise is actually incredibly useful to your graduate studies as one of the most difficult tasks for graduate students is reviewing theories in any discipline and applying them in a practical sense to any issue. Resilience is no different than any other area of study.

However, it is important that a business case be made for resilience. The Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate – Office of University Programs (OUP) Critical Infrastructure and Resilience Institute (CIRI) makes the case on the center’s home page. Why is this a critical problem? Why should we look to move resilience theory to practice?

Most U.S. infrastructure is owned and operated by the private sectors Market Forces can drive change impacting entire industries Improved resilience strengthens the business and the nation

Where did the theory of resilience begin?

Many scholars have postulated that the idea of developing a framework that could “resist” actually started in Engineering and the belief that to be “resilient” referred to how specific materials “sprung back” to their original shape. Hollings (1996) in his essay “Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience” made a key distinction. He noted that when looking at a system’s resilience there were two ways to do it….one with an engineering perspective, the which assumes a “single well-defined equilibrium” and an ecological that considered multiple dynamics.

Ohio State Professor Dr David Woods has looked at these issues and created the: theory of “extensibility” which contrasts systems that are successful and unsuccessful in their adaptability. Woods notes in the article entitled, “The Theory of Graceful Extensibility: Basic rules that govern adaptive systems” that the key to this theory is a systems ability to handle changing disturbances and variations. This is a system that is resilient and not brittle. (The Wood article in the references expand on this idea).

Following the attacks of 9/11 and the horrific impact of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, the disastrous wildfires in California and Colorado the theory of what it means for a nation to be resilient continued to mature. Additionally, we

have seen a massive shift during the COVID pandemic of dramatic shifts in the way the world “works” remotely which has significantly impacted our national resilience.

Photo credit. U.S. Army Sgt. Corey Bates of the Wyoming Army National Guard’s Medical Detachment, draws out the new Moderna vaccination with a syringe at Raper Armory, Wyoming Army National Guard, Cheyenne, Wyo., Jan. 6, 2021. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Jacqueline Marshall)

An article by Jerome Kahan in the February 2015 Homeland Security Affairs framed how the term and its’ surrounding “theory” were practically applied as more discussions around the idea of “preparedness” emerged.

Since 9/11, resilience, a term used widely in many disciplines, has occupied a place in homeland security policy and programs. Peaking in importance as the last decade ended, resilience has begun to retreat as an official driver of U.S. homeland security strategy. Preparedness, which can yield resilience as one of its outcomes, has become the official focus. However, resilience is still used in a variety of ways with different meanings by homeland security officials and in various official documents. Non-governmental experts and institutions have not slackened their efforts to research, write about, and teach resilience in relation to homeland security.

By reading the Kahan article you begin to consider the practical applications of resilience theory to day to day activities and multiple “sectors” such as energy found within society. This naturally leads to a discussion of resilience and risk.

What is the links between resilience and risk theories? More importantly is there a link?

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Daily Sundial • September 13, 2006 • https://sundial.csun.edu/6001/archive/isthereacomparisonbetweenhurricanekatrina/

Is there a comparison between 9/11 Hurricane Katrina? Saharra J. White

Hurricane Katrina and the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks should never be forgotten, nor should the victims of both these tragedies. People should not compare Hurricane Katrina with 9/11 but they do. Some say that Hurricane Katrina was the Department of Homeland Security’s �rst test since the Sept. 11 attacks to prove themselves.

Katrina, the hurricane that hit the city of New Orleans in August 2005, was among the deadliest hurricanes in United States history. There were 1,836 fatalities from the hurricane.

The Sept. 11 attacks were the deadliest terrorist attacks in the history of the United States. Until this day, 24 people are reported missing, with 2,973 fatalities.

Sept. 11 is the result of a terror attack and Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster, which makes them completely different. Both Hurricane Katrina and 9/11, however are catastrophes that affect the people of this nation.

The two tragic events have some similarities. They both could have been possibly avoided and handled in a different way, and they also had high death tolls. Mayor Ray Nagin admitted that early mandatory evacuation could have helped save more lives in New Orleans.

When �ooding started in New Orleans the response was delayed. There was no one available to help the victims of Katrina when the hurricane hit New Orleans. Just minutes after the �rst plane hit the north tower of the World Trade Center, New York City �re�ghters hurried to the scene. Where was the help when New Orleans was �ooding? Who was there to help the citizens from drowning?

The distribution of funding for victims of Hurricane Katrina could have been handled better. The money raised for the victims was not and is not being allocated equally. Victims of Hurricane Katrina should have received money for relocating, burial funding – so they can bury the deceased – re-training, and to help them with medical needs, including psychological and mental health issues.

Following the weeks after the 9/11 attacks, charities and organizations raised $657 million within weeks of the attacks. The bulk of the funding went to survivors and victims families who were affected by the attacks. Insurance companies and the United States government spent billions of dollars.

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Did 9/11 victims have to go through as much paperwork as Katrina victims? Katrina victims had to prove who they were in order to receive aid from the government. How are you supposed to show identi�cation to government of�cials when your whole life disappeared before you? Do you think the victims of New Orleans worried about having their identi�cation, and social security cards when Katrina hit? I don’t think so.

When Ray Nagin spoke to the National Association of Black Journalists in August, he told the reporters in the room to watch the way the dollars �ow. Nagin wants everyone to know that the leadership in New Orleans can get the job done; they just need the resources. Nagin admits he made mistakes, but we shouldn’t make the mistake of sitting

around and letting our fellow Americans from New Orleans suffer.

It’s amazing how we can go and liberate Iraq, we can help and send troops out around the world, but helping our own isn’t a priority. Why are we spending billions of dollars on a war but we can’t help fellow Americans rebuild New Orleans – the birthplace of the blues, jazz and rhythm. Donald Trump plans on buying a piece of the chocolate city. People are afraid that New Orleans won’t be the same, but it will.

Tourist will come back to New Orleans just like they come to New York. The world we live in is controlled and surrounded by money. As Nagin said, watch how the dollars �ow. It’s scary for me to see a tourist taking a picture at the World Trade Center; their background is ground zero. How would you like a picture of yourself smiling in front of a gravesite? There’s nothing to smile about here.

As a nation we have learned a lot from the 9/11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Airline rules have improved to keep us safe. Their needs to be more help for victims when it comes to tragic events like this. These things affect our “great nation.” We must remember that we are great, but we are not an invincible society.

We must open our eyes to what’s happening in our home, in the world.

We must make a change. We can’t sit around and watch as others suffer. With the war on drugs, white-collar crimes and gangs, something needs to be done before it’s too late.

Don’t compare 9/11 with Hurricane Katrina, but remember the victims. Things still need to be done, people need help and stories need to be told.

Important Aspect of Homeland Security Studies Resilience Theory is an issue that has been considered an important aspect of Homeland Security studies. Rapuano (2013) in an article published in SIGNAL, the Journal of AFCEA – Armed Forces Communication, Electronics Association, wrote,

In 2010 the Homeland Security Studies and Analytics Institute (HSSAI), a Homeland Security FFRDC (Federally Funded Research and Development Center) added to the discussion of theory by exploring the relationship between risk and resilience. The report explores not only the meaning of resilience and how to measure it --- there was both a qualitative and quantitative perspective provided which is especially important to understand based on the course objective applicable for this week.

The DHS Office of Infrastructure Protection’s Regional Resiliency Assessment Program identifies opportunities for regional homeland security officials and critical infrastructure partners to strengthen infrastructure resilience. This is a practical way that theory, strategy and documents like PPDs are put into practice. There are also individual Sector plans.

(DHS RRAP)

For example, the energy sector of our national economy has its’ own Specific Sector Plan to builds on a framework of resilience. Published in 2015 this plan was completed by the Energy Department in close coordination with the Energy Sector Coordinating Councils (SCCs) (SCCs were introduced in last week’s lesson) and the Energy Government Coordinating Council (GCC). The report notes that “…the Nation’s critical energy infrastructure continues to face new threats and challenges, as new opportunities and pathways develop over time”.

The report is very specific in some of the tasks that use resilience theory as a foundation for a practical application. The focus areas are:

1. Strengthening the resilience of supply chains. 2. Enhancing cyber and physical security. 3. Examining interdependencies within the Energy Sector.

Another area of theory to practice within the resilience arena is resilience governance. Caroline Crawford, writing for the Global Resilience Institute at Northeastern University in 2020 published, “Resilience Governance for Infrastructure Dependencies and Interdependencies: A Practical Model for Regional Critical Infrastructure Resilience”.

(https://globalbiodefense.com/2014/07/09/dhs-critical-infrastructure-resilience-center-excellence/)

Crawford (2020) noted,

Throughout the 20th Century, American communities became increasingly reliant on infrastructure systems that extended well beyond the reach of their direct control. With the dramatic expansion of the electrical grid, the development of the interstate highway system, the construction of a continental network of fuel pipelines, and the building of long-range water distribution networks such as the Colorado River Aqueduct, the infrastructure that major metropolitan regions rely upon for energy, transportation, water, and communications reach across multiple local, state, and even national jurisdictions. Not only have individual infrastructure systems become more expansive, they have become increasingly interconnected and interdependent. This trend has only accelerated in the current century with the pervasive integration of internet enabled devices into physical systems.

Read the entire report.

Additionally, when exploring Homeland Security resilience theory and its’ practical application the work of the Department of Homeland Security’s National Protection and Programs Directorate or NPPD and its’ mission must be mentioned. NPPD is under the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency or CISA. (CISA was briefly introduced in last week’s lesson)

This portion of DHS is involved in infrastructure protection, with a special emphasis on cyber. A course in resilience would be remiss without mentioning NPPD and the influence that this component of DHS has on developing resilience theory into the next decade. More regarding NPPDs impact on resilience will be explored later in the course. But for starters look at this link entitled NPPD at a Glance.

Finally, the COVID crisis and civil unrest has highlighted personal resilience. In this stressful time an important cornerstone for national homeland security is the resilience of its’ populace – both individually and collectively. 2020 has been perhaps one of the stress-filled years ever experienced in this country outside of the Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam and the World Wars. Included in the discussion of resilience is diversity and inclusion.

On May 19th, 2020 the international consulting firm McKinsey issued a Quarterly document written by Dolan, Hunt, Prince and Sancier-Sultan, entitled, “Diversity Still Matters”. The reports premise was straight forward, “Inclusion and diversity are at risk in the crisis – but are critical for business recovery, resilience and reimagination”.

The opening paragraph of the McKinsey document framed this issue superbly:

COVID-19 is confronting companies around the world with a daunting degree of disruption. In the immediate term, some face devastating losses of revenue, dislocations to operations and supply chains, and challenges to liquidity and solvency. Others are coping with enormous unexpected spikes in demand. In the medium term, we can expect material and lasting shifts in customer markets, regulatory environments, and workforce deployments. Leaders and managers will need a great deal of resolve and resilience as they seek to navigate an economically and socially viable path toward a “next normal.” (Diversity Still Matters)

Resilience and its’ intersection with homeland security have many vectors. This lesson provides you a few things to think about, as a foundation, for our deeper dive into resilience.

Can we build disaster resilient communities? | Gregory Kopp | TEDxWesternUCan we build disaster resilient communities? | Gregory Kopp | TEDxWesternU