Help with peerrev due in 24 hours

Peerreviewessay2instru.docx

Rough draft, Essay #2: Definition (SUBMIT PEER REVIEW HERE!)

Thank you to everyone who got the rough draft turned in! Below, I have paired everyone up with a partner for the peer review. So what do you do now?

1. Find your partner in the discussion board and read their essay.

2. Then hit REPLY to answer the following questions. (I will post these same questions in the discussion board, too.)

For those who did not turn in the rough draft, I strongly recommend you use the following revision and editing questions on your own as you prepare to submit the final draft.

In order to receive any of the 20 points for the rough draft, you must both submit your rough draft on time and submit feedback to your partner on time.

Be sure and give constructive feedback. For example, it may be tempting to say, “Everything is great! Don’t change a thing!” However, that won’t help your partner improve their writing.

Pay particular attention to the direct quotes, paraphrasing, and in-text citations. A large percentage of your grade will come from how well you use your research and the correct citations. In fact, missing in-text citations could result in a zero F on the final draft.

Any information that is not common knowledge MUST immediately be followed by an in-text citation. Signal phrases should also be used to indicate when information is coming from a source. The Works Cited page must be in the correct format. Missing in-text citations or a lack of correctly formatted Works Cited is plagiarism and will result in a zero F.

Also, don’t be harsh in your feedback. No one here is a perfect writer, so be kind and respectful with your comments. Feel free to use the discussion board to reply back and forth with any questions you might have. You may also want to take a look at some of your other classmates’ essays and critiques, to see what everyone else is doing.

Go to the rough draft discussion board in the Week 6 module. Find your partner's essay, read it carefully, then click REPLY to answer the peer review questions. Please submit TODAY!

Read through your classmate’s entire essay carefully before you begin responding. Answer each question thoughtfully and respectfully, and avoid simple “yes” or “no” answers.

1. The Introduction: What is the reader's "hook?" In other words, how does the introduction paragraph begin? Do you have any suggestions for improving it?

What is the thesis statement? Does it avoid announcement? (Remember, announcement is a 10-point penalty!) The thesis should not be a dictionary definition, but in the writer's own words.

Does the introduction paragraph include a definition of the term? If the definition is taken from a source, there should also be a parenthetical citation. Is there?

2. The Body: After you read this essay, do you have a better grasp of what this term means? Be honest!

In the essay, do you see examples of both denotation and connotation? Point out an example of each.

(a) Denotation:

(b) Connotation:

3. Look at the first body paragraph. Does it start with a clear topic sentence? (The topic sentence must never be a direct quote or a paraphrase! If the first sentence of the paragraph is a quote or a paraphrase from a source, please tell them here.)

4. Does the rest of the paragraph follow the guidelines from the notes? There should be a supporting point, then a quote or a paraphrase from a source. Next there should be a sentence of explanation of that quote or paraphrase. The rest of the paragraph should repeat this pattern until everything has been said about that topic.

5. Are the quotes and paraphrases easy to understand? Are there appropriate transitions? Is it clear that the writer understands what they're quoting or paraphrasing? Explain.

6. Find an instance in which the essay paraphrases a source. Copy and paste the paraphrase here:

Is the paraphrase integrated into the essay well? In other words, is there an introductory phrase? Is it clear why the information is being included in the essay, or does it feel extraneous?

Is parenthetical citation used correctly? Remember, the punctuation that ends the sentence should come after the parenthetical citation.

Example:

Members of the Millennial generation and Generation X are more like to get tattoos than any other demographic (Jones 68).

Note: Remember that CQ Researcher articles must include page numbers, and the page number is rarely “1.”

7. Find an example of where the essay directly quotes a source. Copy and paste the direct quote here:

Is it clear why the information is being quoted directly, or does it feel extraneous? Is there a sentence or two either immediately before or immediately after the quote that explains how it relates to the essay?

Is parenthetical citation used correctly?

Example:

“Thirty-six percent of Millennials and 40% of Gen X have at least one tattoo and many have multiples” (Jones 68).

Note: Remember that an in-text citation will NEVER include the name of a source like CQ Researcher or NPR.org.

8. Are there any instances where the essay mentions a fact without attributing it to a source? Copy and paste them here:

Note: Remember, everything that is not common knowledge MUST include a citation; otherwise, it is plagiarism, and will result in a zero F.

9. Are there sufficient signal phrases? Is it always clear whether the information is coming from the source or from your classmate? Copy and paste anything that you feel would benefit from a signal phrase here:

(An example of a signal phrase might be, "According to John Smith..."

10. Point of view: Does the essay avoid second person (you, your)? Remember, there will be a 10-point penalty for any use of 2nd person! Copy and paste any sentence that includes "you" or "your":

Does the essay avoid first person (I, me, my, our, us, we) as well? Remember, there will be a 10-point penalty for any use of 1st person! Copy and paste any sentence that includes a first-person pronoun:

11. The Works Cited page: Place a 'Y' ’if the statement is true or an ‘X’ if the statement is not true.

· Is the information in the heading in the right order?

· Is the date written Day/Month/Year? Ex., 4 October 2022

· Works Cited is centered at the top of the page in 12-point font.

· The list of sources is in alphabetical order.

· Each citation uses a hanging indent; the first line is justified, each additional line is indented.

· There is no bold type or ALL-CAPS used in any citation entry.

· The source (e.g., PBS Newshour, CQ Researcher) is in italics

DefiningFentanyl2.doc

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1

Zhelman

Yulia Zhelman

Professer Barne

English – 101 – L26

26 September 2023

Defining Fentanyl

Drugs, whether over the counter or prescription drugs, are meant be used in a good way. Drugs are meant to help decrease pain, alleviate inflammation, help the body heal at a faster rate, or control an imbalance in the body. Medicine has been used for centuries. Why, if medicine is meant for good, are there so many medical drug related abuses, overdoses, and deaths? The latest drug to make headlines has been fentanyl. In recent years, the topic of fentanyl has been covered by every major news outlet and social media site.

So, what is fentanyl? Fentanyl is a strong manufactured opioid drug. It is used as an analgesic (pain relief) and anesthetic. Fentanyl is approved by the FDA and can be prescribed by a doctor. If a doctor prescribes fentanyl, the patient can take it as a shot, patch, lozenge, or pill. Unfortunately, a lot of people are getting fentanyl from other sources, not just doctors. “This [fentanyl] is a chemical mix that is pretty easy to make. It's cheap to make. Fentanyl is uniquely difficult to stop. You can smuggle it in tiny quantities” (Desjardins). People who use fentanyl recreationally usually consume the drug by snorting powder, taking it in pill form, smoking the drug, or using it as a patch. Fentanyl is extremely dangerous. “In 2013, Drug dealers begin adding fentanyl — which is up to 100 times more potent than heroin — to heroin and other illicit drugs, spurring another surge in opioid overdose deaths” (Vaida 32) . Fentanyl can have a wide variety of effects on the body. It can cause the person taking it to be relaxed or experience ecstasy. Fentanyl can make a person confused, tired, dizzy, or nauseous. It’s medical purpose causes a patient to have pain relief or be sedated.

An overdose is when a toxic (poisonous) amount of a medication is consumed. Some signs of a fentanyl overdose include “bluish lips and nose, abnormal breathing and a lack of responsiveness” (Hernandez). “Overdose deaths in the United States, driven largely by fentanyl, reached a record of about 93,331 last year — a 29 percent increase from 2019, according to provisional data by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (Vaida 5). “Opioids work because they connect to brain receptors processing the body's own painkillers known as endorphins. While endorphins may last for minutes, opioids can boost the body's natural ability to block pain and promote calm for hours. Over time, the drug rewires the brain, and the body craves stronger and stronger doses to feel a sense of equilibrium. The body needs more of it to relieve pain, get high and stave off withdrawal” (Vaida 21). “Fentanyl is killing kids at an alarming rate. The Centers for Disease Control, the CDC, says that in 2021, fentanyl was involved in 84% of all overdose deaths among teenagers” (Carrillo). “Opioids and stimulants have a history together. People who chronically use opioids often will turn to stimulants as a way to offset the tiredness that comes along with the use of drugs like heroin and fentanyl. The tactic is called speedballing, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and can cause an intense high, which can also be very dangerous” (Maucione).

How can health care professionals combat fentanyl? Thankfully there is a drug that can counter the effects of fentanyl. “Naloxone, which comes in a nasal spray and an injectable drug, can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose and restore a person's breathing” (Hernandez). “Experts say naloxone is easy to administer and use and very low risk” (Carrillo). “The FDA's approval of the nasal spray Narcan — the brand name for the drug naloxone — means the medication could be more widely available across the U.S. The overdose-reversing drug Narcan could soon be available to buy over the counter without a prescription” (Hernandez).

Again, drugs are meant to be used for good. How does society combat drug addiction while still making drugs available for those who need them? “Among public health experts, lawmakers and patient advocates, a long-running debate is intensifying: What should be done about opioids? One obvious solution is to restrict the prescribing of painkillers. But some physicians and patient advocates argue that the pendulum has swung too far, saying patients with severe chronic pain — such as those with cancer and sickle cell anemia — cannot always get the opioids they need” (Vaida7). There is a fine line between making drugs available for the sick, but keeping them away from addicts. “In 2011, the CDC officially declared a prescription drug epidemic caused by opioid painkillers and began the process of setting new guidelines for physicians to reduce opioid prescribing” (Vaida 26). “ Synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl, kill more Americans every year than died in the Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan wars combined” (Corder). This is an alarming statistic. Hopefully, politicians, doctors, and society can all work together to make this a safer and healthier world.

Works Cited Page

Carrillo, Sequoia. “School districts rush to stock Narcan, the best defense against fentanyl”.

NPR, 27 Sep 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/09/27/1201956943/school-districts-rush-to-stock-narcan-the-best-defense-against-fentanyl

Corder, Mike and Whitehurst, Lindsay. “WATCH: Garland announces results of operation

targeting dark web opioid, fentanyl traffickers”. PBS News Hour, 2 May 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-garland-announces-results-of-operation-targeting-dark-web-opioid-fentanyl-traffickers

Desjardins, Lisa. “Senate hearing on fentanyl outlines international supply chain that brings

drug to U.S.” PBS News Hour, 15 Feb 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/senate-hearing-on-fentanyl-outlines-international-supply-chain-that-brings-drug-to-u-s

Hernandez, Joe. “The FDA approves the overdose-reversing drug Narcan for over-the-counter sales” NPR.org, 29 March 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/03/29/1166750095/narcan- fda-approval-naloxone-over-the-counter-otc

Maucione, Scott. “Fentanyl mixed with cocaine or meth is driving the '4th wave' of the overdose

crisis”. NPR.org, 14 Sep 2023. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/09/14/1199396794/fentanyl-mixed-with-cocaine-or-meth-is-driving-the-4th-wave-of-the-overdose-cris

Vaida, Bara. "Opioid Crisis". CQ Researcher, 06 Aug 2021. Thousand Oaks, California: CQ Press, 2021. 29 Sep 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20210806