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PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

4. Discuss the transition of psychology from primarily a philosophical discipline into a scientific discipline. 4.1 Distinguish between various clinical methodologies.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis Chapter 13: Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy Unit Lesson

Introduction It would be hard to take a history of psychology course and not run into Dr. Freud somewhere in the material; love him or hate him, his name has been associated with the practice of clinical psychology for over a century. In this unit, we will take a deeper look into Freudian psychoanalysis and then explore other clinical paradigms that arose alongside—or sometimes in direct conflict—with Freud’s theories.

Psychoanalysis Many students and laypersons feel they already know what they need to know about Sigmund Freud’s theories. They know what a big ego is, they have heard he was obsessed with sex, and they know basically what a subconscious does. Would it surprise you to learn that all of the statements above are, if not incorrect, at least not fully understood? Ego, in Freudian terms, is actually the rational middle ground between the most basic instincts (id) and the judgmental moral conscience (super ego). If someone says you have a big ego, that really is a compliment meaning that you are navigating life well between your internal psyche and your outside environment. What about sex and penis envy? It is true that Freud has drawn criticism for over a century due to his belief that sexual drives were really running the show in the human mind, but he believed those drives toward sex and life were biological in origin. Like many of the theorists we have examined thus far, Freud trained as a physician before moving to the field of psychology (Lawson et al., 2018). So, his emphasis on sexual energy was based on a belief that this was an innate, biological part of humanity. Freud also used the terms unconscious, preconscious, and conscious to describe his topographical model of the psyche, so if someone says subconscious to you, you know they are not talking about original psychoanalytic theory. Now that we have cleared up some of the misconceptions in the zeitgeist, let’s listen to more Freudian theory regarding the mind and how to treat its illnesses. Please view the video segments listed below.

• "Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious & Psychoanalysis" video segment • "Freudian Theory: Repressed Impulses" video segment • "Establishment of Freudian Psychoanalysis" video segment

UNIT V STUDY GUIDE Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Beyond

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

The transcripts for these videos can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Remember that Freud’s work came from his physician background to connect with mental behaviors. Much of this was new territory for the discipline. Still, it is hard to ignore the long-standing impact of Freudian theory to clinical psychology, particularly in the United States and Europe.

Analytic and Individual Psychology A mentee of Freud’s, Carl Jung, would add further to psychological theory and literature when he famously split off from his mentor, somewhat due to disagreement over how much of that life energy needs to be sexualized (Lawson et al., 2018). Life energy, only a part of which might contain sexual material, could be directed on two general paths: inward and outward. From Jung, we retain the ideas of introversion and extroversion. Jung also promoted an archetypal understanding of the human psyche and felt that all human beings had access to a collective unconscious for values and themes that existed on the species level. Alfred Adler added more to the discussion with his individual psychology, claiming that social urges were an important factor in understanding conscious functioning (Lawson et al., 2018). He left us the idea of the inferiority complex whereby someone feels the need to overcome early obstacles and strengthen their capacities. Many theories stemmed from psychoanalytic thought and put a stamp on Western psychology. As we are finding on this tour of psychology’s history, sometimes a theory grows in opposition to the one that came before.

Object Relations This theory grew from the psychoanalytic emphasis on early childhood experiences and turned the lens toward interaction with outside objects, particularly the mother figure (Lawson et al., 2018). Using this theory, a baby introjects or takes in these outside elements and integrates them into its own sense of self. Rather than a Freudian drive model, the emphasis was on how the psyche reacts to objects. A focus on maternal relationship health and childhood development was also developing during this time. Similarly postulated was the process of individuation whereby the infants move from the mother-child relationship toward becoming their own person (Lawson et al., 2018).

Ego Psychology A focus on the functioning of the Freudian ego also grew as a branch of psychoanalysis. In fact, Freud’s daughter Anna was instrumental in developing the theory on ego defense mechanisms (Lawson et al., 2018). Remember that Freud’s ego moderated internal structures with the outside world, and defense mechanisms were the key to making it all work.

Psychosocial Development, Trait Theory, and Humanism Rather than the psychosexual development proposed by Freud, Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development (Lawson et al., 2018). His approach regarded the success of various life stages that built upon the former across the human life span. This model of human development is referenced frequently in psychology courses. Gordon Allport turned the lens toward what came to be known as trait theory by proposing cardinal, central, and secondary traits (in descending order of influence) (Lawson et al., 2018). See the image below for more information about these traits. Trait theory holds the potential for a level of empirical research that has eluded many of the other theories in this unit.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

In direct opposition to the expert practitioner model of Freudian work or the cause-and-effect models in behaviorism, humanistic theory rose in the middle of the 20th century to examine the unique journey toward self-actualization (Lawson et al., 2018). Many students have seen Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which you can see in the image below, in early psychology coursework. It stands to reason that some needs must be satisfied before we become our best selves. Carl Rogers is famous for his client-centered approach and the humble, empathetic clinical work he developed. Using Rogers’ approach, a client or person was not seen as a patient in need of saving from their particular diagnosis. The therapist was seen as a fellow traveler using empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence, which refers to truth and transparency in the therapeutic dyad. This is an extremely brief journey through some of the modern approaches to clinical psychology that arose in the Western world after Freud’s “hysterical” patients on that couch in Austria. Once more, we can see the push and pull between theory and practice, Europe and America, and among multiple theoretical paradigms.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

Reference Lawson, R. B., Anderson, E. D., & Cepeda-Benito, A. (2018). A history of psychology: Globalization, ideas,

and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

4. Discuss the transition of psychology from primarily a philosophical discipline into a scientific discipline. 4.1 Distinguish between various clinical methodologies.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis Chapter 13: Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy Unit Lesson

Introduction It would be hard to take a history of psychology course and not run into Dr. Freud somewhere in the material; love him or hate him, his name has been associated with the practice of clinical psychology for over a century. In this unit, we will take a deeper look into Freudian psychoanalysis and then explore other clinical paradigms that arose alongside—or sometimes in direct conflict—with Freud’s theories.

Psychoanalysis Many students and laypersons feel they already know what they need to know about Sigmund Freud’s theories. They know what a big ego is, they have heard he was obsessed with sex, and they know basically what a subconscious does. Would it surprise you to learn that all of the statements above are, if not incorrect, at least not fully understood? Ego, in Freudian terms, is actually the rational middle ground between the most basic instincts (id) and the judgmental moral conscience (super ego). If someone says you have a big ego, that really is a compliment meaning that you are navigating life well between your internal psyche and your outside environment. What about sex and penis envy? It is true that Freud has drawn criticism for over a century due to his belief that sexual drives were really running the show in the human mind, but he believed those drives toward sex and life were biological in origin. Like many of the theorists we have examined thus far, Freud trained as a physician before moving to the field of psychology (Lawson et al., 2018). So, his emphasis on sexual energy was based on a belief that this was an innate, biological part of humanity. Freud also used the terms unconscious, preconscious, and conscious to describe his topographical model of the psyche, so if someone says subconscious to you, you know they are not talking about original psychoanalytic theory. Now that we have cleared up some of the misconceptions in the zeitgeist, let’s listen to more Freudian theory regarding the mind and how to treat its illnesses. Please view the video segments listed below.

• "Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious & Psychoanalysis" video segment • "Freudian Theory: Repressed Impulses" video segment • "Establishment of Freudian Psychoanalysis" video segment

UNIT V STUDY GUIDE Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Beyond

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

The transcripts for these videos can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Remember that Freud’s work came from his physician background to connect with mental behaviors. Much of this was new territory for the discipline. Still, it is hard to ignore the long-standing impact of Freudian theory to clinical psychology, particularly in the United States and Europe.

Analytic and Individual Psychology A mentee of Freud’s, Carl Jung, would add further to psychological theory and literature when he famously split off from his mentor, somewhat due to disagreement over how much of that life energy needs to be sexualized (Lawson et al., 2018). Life energy, only a part of which might contain sexual material, could be directed on two general paths: inward and outward. From Jung, we retain the ideas of introversion and extroversion. Jung also promoted an archetypal understanding of the human psyche and felt that all human beings had access to a collective unconscious for values and themes that existed on the species level. Alfred Adler added more to the discussion with his individual psychology, claiming that social urges were an important factor in understanding conscious functioning (Lawson et al., 2018). He left us the idea of the inferiority complex whereby someone feels the need to overcome early obstacles and strengthen their capacities. Many theories stemmed from psychoanalytic thought and put a stamp on Western psychology. As we are finding on this tour of psychology’s history, sometimes a theory grows in opposition to the one that came before.

Object Relations This theory grew from the psychoanalytic emphasis on early childhood experiences and turned the lens toward interaction with outside objects, particularly the mother figure (Lawson et al., 2018). Using this theory, a baby introjects or takes in these outside elements and integrates them into its own sense of self. Rather than a Freudian drive model, the emphasis was on how the psyche reacts to objects. A focus on maternal relationship health and childhood development was also developing during this time. Similarly postulated was the process of individuation whereby the infants move from the mother-child relationship toward becoming their own person (Lawson et al., 2018).

Ego Psychology A focus on the functioning of the Freudian ego also grew as a branch of psychoanalysis. In fact, Freud’s daughter Anna was instrumental in developing the theory on ego defense mechanisms (Lawson et al., 2018). Remember that Freud’s ego moderated internal structures with the outside world, and defense mechanisms were the key to making it all work.

Psychosocial Development, Trait Theory, and Humanism Rather than the psychosexual development proposed by Freud, Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development (Lawson et al., 2018). His approach regarded the success of various life stages that built upon the former across the human life span. This model of human development is referenced frequently in psychology courses. Gordon Allport turned the lens toward what came to be known as trait theory by proposing cardinal, central, and secondary traits (in descending order of influence) (Lawson et al., 2018). See the image below for more information about these traits. Trait theory holds the potential for a level of empirical research that has eluded many of the other theories in this unit.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

In direct opposition to the expert practitioner model of Freudian work or the cause-and-effect models in behaviorism, humanistic theory rose in the middle of the 20th century to examine the unique journey toward self-actualization (Lawson et al., 2018). Many students have seen Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which you can see in the image below, in early psychology coursework. It stands to reason that some needs must be satisfied before we become our best selves. Carl Rogers is famous for his client-centered approach and the humble, empathetic clinical work he developed. Using Rogers’ approach, a client or person was not seen as a patient in need of saving from their particular diagnosis. The therapist was seen as a fellow traveler using empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence, which refers to truth and transparency in the therapeutic dyad. This is an extremely brief journey through some of the modern approaches to clinical psychology that arose in the Western world after Freud’s “hysterical” patients on that couch in Austria. Once more, we can see the push and pull between theory and practice, Europe and America, and among multiple theoretical paradigms.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

Reference Lawson, R. B., Anderson, E. D., & Cepeda-Benito, A. (2018). A history of psychology: Globalization, ideas,

and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge.