help with cj assgn (4) due in 24 hours
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files (5)Lecture2Handout.ppt
Lecture2Handout2.ppt
Writing-an-Abstract-1.pdf
ch43304.docx
ResearchMethodsPowerPoint-1.pptx
Lecture2Handout.ppt
Lecture2Handout2.ppt
Writing-an-Abstract-1.pdf
Writing an Abstract for an Article, Proposal or Report What is an abstract? An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form. Abstracts are typically 100 to 250 words and follow set patterns. Why is an abstract so important?
• Help readers decide if they should read an entire article • Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic • Help readers understand the text by outlining key points prior to reading the full document • Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing
What are the key elements that should be included?
• Background: A simple opening sentence or two placing the work in context. • Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose of the work. • Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was (or will) be done. • Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings (or what you hope to accomplish with
the project). • Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work – what do the
results mean? How will they be used? Questions an abstract should answer:
• Why did you do this study or project? (Or why are you undertaking the project/study?) • What did you do, and how? (What will you do? How?) • What did you find? (What do you expect to find?) • What do the findings mean?
Helpful tips when writing an abstract:
• Reread your article or proposal with the goal of abstracting in mind. o Look specifically for these main parts of the article or proposal: purpose, methods, scope,
results, conclusions and recommendations. o Use the headings and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.
• After you've finished rereading the article or proposal, write a rough draft without looking back at what you're abstracting.
o Don't merely copy key sentences – you'll put in too much or too little information. o Don't rely on the way material was phrased – summarize information in a new way.
• Revise your rough draft to: o Correct weaknesses in organization o Improve transitions from point to point o Drop unnecessary information o Make sure it is complete and accurate o Eliminate wordiness o Fix errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation o Make sure it’s written in the same voice as the paper
ch43304.docx
Discussion: Chapter Four: Legal Traditions
Please answer the question and make sure that your response is 100 words or more. Also, please respond to at least two of your classmates' posts. Your response to your classmate's discussion should be around 100 words (each) and add to the discussion (i.e. reflecting on their response, asking questions, etc.).
1. How do legal traditions differ from legal systems?
Written Assignment: Chapter 4: Legal Traditions
*Please answer the following questions and make sure that your response is 500 words are more for each and in complete sentences. Please cite your sources. *
1. What is today's four legal traditions?
2. Does America's legal tradition have any civil law aspects/
3. How are written law and unwritten law distinguished?
4. What is the primary source of law in each of the legal traditions?
5. How is law kept flexible in each tradition?
6. What developmental sub traditions were important in bringing about each legal tradition?
Lawyers are Trained to Break the Law-TEDx Talk
Please watch the video and give seven key points or statements that you gain from watching the video. Make sure to explain each key points or statements and give a critique of the video in your own words.
https://youtu.be/g75Tb4FUNZALinks to an external site.
Assignment III The Role and Importance of Research and Research Definitions
The Role and Importance of Research (1).docx Download The Role and Importance of Research (1).docx
Lecture 2 (Handout) (2).ppt Download Lecture 2 (Handout) (2).ppt
Your Assignments: I. Complete the definitions for the words listed below.
Qualitative Research
Mixed Methods Research
Ethnographic Research
Action Research
Narrative Research
Correlational Research
II. Review the PPT on Research Methods found in your files:
III. Today, more than ever, decisions are evidence based, and what researchers do is collect evidence that serves as a basis for informed decisions.
1. Give an example of how research is incremental in nature and what advantage this is to both future and past researchers?
2. Download 2. View the attached PPT and think of an example of how knowledge about a certain topic can lead to new questions about that, or a related, topic.
Submission of Assignments: All major assignments for this course will be submitted electronically using Canvas. Please use a standard 12-point font such as Times New Roman, Palatino, or Garamond. Use one-inch margins and standard APA headers and double-space all documents. Make sure you include your name, title of the course and date on all submissions. Do not send assignments to my email address failure to do so is an automatic 0 for that particular assignment (s).USE FULL QUESTIONS BEFORE ANSWERING.
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ResearchMethodsPowerPoint-1.pptx
Research Methods
Basic Concepts and Methods
Basic Concepts and Terms
Definition of Research:
* A scientific way of answering questions and testing hypotheses
The systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation
*may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories
*which results in prediction and possible control of events
Definition of Scientific Research
A systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical
investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the
presumed relations among
observed phenomena
Key words:
systematic
controlled
empirical
Critical investigation
Hypothetical propositions
Presumed relations
Observed phenomena
Two Kinds of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning:
Also Known as: Logic
*Thinking proceeds from general assumption to specific application
* General → Specific
Inductive Reasoning
Conclusions about events (general) are based on information generated through direct and individual observations (Specific).
*Specific → General
Deduction and Induction
Deduction:
Theory,
Hypothesis
Observation
Confirmation
*Theory
*Tentative Hypothesis
*Pattern,
*Observation,
*Induction
Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning
Deductive:
Every mammal has lungs. All Rabbits are mammals.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
Inductive :
Every rabbit that has been observed has lungs.
Therefore, every rabbit has lungs.
The Research Methods Process
Theory vs. Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the research
A concrete, specific statement about the relationship between phenomena
Based on deductive reasoning
Theory
A belief or assumption about how things relate to each other
A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
The purpose is to explain and predict phenomena
- Based on inductive reasoning
The Research Process In an Ideal World: Hypotheses ↓ Theories ↓ Laws
Empiricism: * Aquire information and facts through the observation of our world. Pragmatic observations: *Developing theory through experience and observation.
Types of Research or Research Classifications
System I: Basic research; Applied research
System II: Quantitative research; Qualitative research
System III: Experimental research; Non-experimental research
Research Classifications
1. Application of research study
Pure research
Applied research
2. Objectives in undertaking the research
Descriptive
Correlational
Explanatory
Exploratory
*3. Inquiry mode employed
*Structured approach
*Unstructured approach
Application of Research Study
When applying research; there are two broad categories:
Pure & Applied
* Pure Basic research:
Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are:
intellectually challenging to the researcher,
but may or may not have practical application at the present, or in the future.
Knowledge produced through pure research is sought to add to the existing body of
research methods.
Application of Research Study con’t
Pure Basic Research:
Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher
May or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future.
The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research methods.
Applied Research:
* Applied research is done to solve specific, practical questions;
* For policy formulation,
Administration and understanding of a phenomenon.
It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive.
*It is almost always done on the basis of basic research.
Basic and Applied Research Con’t
Basic
-Pure, fundamental research
-Discovery of new knowledge; theoretical in nature
-Takes many years for the results of basic research to find some practicality. (to manifest)
Applied
-Central purpose to solve an immediate problem
-Improved products or processes
-Infers beyond the group or situation studied
-Interpretation of results relies upon basic research
Objectives of the Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Explanatory
Descriptive Research Methods
Descriptive studies are a means of
Discovering new meaning
Describing what exists
Determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information
Descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied
It has an impact on the lives of the people it deals with.
For example:
*Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children in a community.
The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Research
Advantages:
The people individually studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation;
It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments
Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying
It is used to describe; and not to make any conclusions
Disadvantages:
Descriptive research requires more skills.
Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
Response rate is low
Research results can change over time periods.
Correlational Research
Refers to the systematic investigation of a statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.
For example:
To test the hypothesis “listening to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
1. Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare to Bp levels
2. Survey – ask people how they feel? How often they listen? And then compare.
Correlational means simply to compare one variable with another.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Correlational Research
Advantages:
1. Can collect much information from many subjects at one time.
2. Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
3. Study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory
Disadvantages:
1. Correlation does not indicate causation (cause and effect).
2. Problems with self-report method.
* Explanatory Research
attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
Exploratory research
explores an area where little is known or investigates possibilities of undertaking a particular research study
Can be called: (feasibility study/pilot study.)
Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach
Structured Approach:
The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as Quantitative Research.
This includes everything that forms the research process:
objectives, *Design *Samples
And the questions you plan to ask of respondents – predetermined.
It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem, an issue, or a phenomenon by qualifying the variation.
Inquiry Mode Structured Approach & Unstructured Approach
Unstructured Approach:
The approach that’s usually classified as Qualitative Research.
Allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process.
It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem or issue, without quantifying it.
Main Objective is:
To describe the variation in a phenomenon, a situation, or an attitude.
In many studies you have to combine both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Con’t
Quantitative is:
- Numerical, measurable data
- Traditional or positivist approach
Which means its:
Clearly stated questions
Rational hypotheses
Developed research procedures
Extraneous variable controls
Large samples
Traditional, statistical analyses
-Qualitative is:
*- Generally non numerical data
*- typically anthropological and sociological research methods
*-Observations are in a “natural” setting
*- Descriptions are indepth
*- they are Interpretive and descriptive
Methodology: Qualitative →→→→ Qualitative→→→→Qualitative ↑ ↑ ↑ Data Collection Approach: Exploratory focus Survey Personal Interview group All are considered to be Qualitative Research.
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