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Unit 5: Chi-Square Testing

25 pts from Black, Dorothy posted 05/09/2024 updated N/A

Re: Unit 5: Chi-Square Testing from GivensStephens, Adam posted 06/19/2024 updated N/A Chi-Square testing can be a powerful tool for a police officer to analyze various types of data to improve decision-making and resource allocation. According to Potipiroon (2024), “Previous research has provided valuable insights into the role of rewards in motivating whistleblowing, but there are still unanswered questions regarding the conditions under which whistleblower rewards can encourage individuals from whistleblowing” (p. 1). Here are some examples of how Chi-Square testing can be applied in a law enforcement capacity. We can use it in crime pattern analysis, resource allocation, demographic studies, and an evaluation of our training program. We can determine if there is a significant association between different types of crimes and specific locations or times. An example of this is by studying the frequencies of fatal car crashes in a particular area or if there are different areas and time of the day when this occurs. We can determine where the department is allocating its resource and make a decision if it is effective or if changes need to be made. We can evaluate the effectiveness of patrolling areas of emphasis where fatal car crashes happen more frequently and see if there is a reduction of these crashes as a result of heavier police officer presence. We can use this to determine it certain demographic groups are represented equally or if the numbers are skewed for whatever reason. This can be done by studying arrest records and determining if certain demographic groups are being arrested more frequently than others and try to come up with an explanation. We can use it during a training program to see if a new program that was implemented is effective or if there needs to be modifications to the program. We can compare the number of incidents before and after the implementation of a de-escalation training program to see if it significantly reduces use-of-force incidents. This would be sending officers to a class such as Crisis Intervention Training (CIT). Donnelly (2020) states, “The chi-square test requires that each expected frequency be equal to or greater than five” (p. 569). In order for this test to work for a police department, we must make sure we take a sample of at least five or greater.

     

References        Donnelly, R. A. (2020). Business statistics (3rd ed.). Pearson.     Potipiroon, W. (2024). Reward Expectancy and External Whistleblowing: Testing the Moderating Roles of Public Service Motivation, Seriousness of Wrongdoing, and Whistleblower Protection. Public Personnel Management, 53(2), 309-345. https:// doi.org/10.1177/00910260231222814.

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As an employee at Conagra Brands I have witnessed the entire effects that, Covid-19 had on the company. It was an extremely stressful time for the company as well as for employees. At any given moment, the team was subject to having workers calling out absences due to sickness. In order to be proactive and show a genuine concern for employees, Conagra Brands decided to offer the Covid-19 vaccinations to all employees that work at the Jackson location. Conagra Brands offered free vaccinations in hopes that it would prevent employee sickness as well as combat the turn-over rate during the Pandemic. Therefore, Conagra Brands offered the vaccines and in doing so kept a record of the number of vaccinated employees, non-vaccinated employees and the number of employees to take sick leave for Covid-19 after the vaccinations were offered. Conagra Brands collected this data with the intention of understanding how the company could aid in keeping employees healthy while trying their best to maintain a Covid-19 free work environment. To conduct this analysis of data, Chi Square could be utilized in this case. The Chi-square statistic is a non-parametric (distribution free) tool designed to analyze group differences when the dependent variable is measured at a nominal level. Like all non-parametric statistics, the Chi-square is robust with respect to the distribution of the data (McHugh, 2013). In this case, Conagra Brands is taking samples from the entire population of their Jackson branch to gather information to determine if offering the Covid-19 vaccination is worth the investment that Conagra Brands hoped it would be. The collection of data was taken over a six-month period to determine the number of employees that received the vaccination and the rate at which it directly affected the number of employees that took medical leave. Because we are comparing two or more populations, we performed a test while testing two categorical variables for independence. The Chi-Square test distribution is used (Donnelly, 2020).

References: Donnelly, R. A. (2020). Business statistics (3rd ed.). Pearson.

McHugh, M. L. (2013). The Chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.018

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