General psychology

GPmodule3lecture.docx

Module 3: Lecture Content - The Physiological Bases of Behavior

Topic 1: Physiological Bases: Behavior and the Brain

The perspective of neuroscience studies behavior, considering the biological functioning of the human being. It is an area that has had a lot of growth in recent years, thanks to advances in technology and scientific research. To understand the physiological basis of behavior, we must understand how the brain, neurons, and nervous system work.

Physiological psychology can also be called biological psychology or psychophysiology. It refers to "the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, emotions, and the reciprocal relations between biological and psychological processes. It also addresses topics such as behavior-changing brain lesions, chemical responses in the brain, and brain-related genetics. It includes such fields as behavioral neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, behavioral endocrinology, and psychoneuroimmunology (APA, 2020). Let's begin by examining some basic definitions related to this area of study (Feldman et al., 2017):

Nervous system	Refers to the brain and the other cells that influence our behavior. The nervous system is the system that allows the body to carry out precise activities.
Neuron	Nerve cells in charge of transmitting messages that allow you to think, remember, and experience emotions. Unlike other cells, neurons can communicate with other cells and transmit information from a distance.
Mirror neurons (Human beings have the innate ability to imitate)	Specialized neurons activate not only when a person exhibits a certain behavior, but also when a person observes another individual exhibiting the same behavior. These neurons are believed to be strongly associated with empathy and language development. They are a variety of visuospatial neurons which indicate fundamentally human social interaction. Mirror neurons contribute to complex control systems.
Synapse	Space between two neurons where the axon of a transmitting neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron through chemical messages.
Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.
Behavioral neuroscientist or Neuropsychologist	Psychologists or mental health experts specialize in considering the influences that biological structures and functions of the body have on behavior. These topics of study are not exclusive to neuropsychology and can be found in other subspecialties. (Example: Developmental psychology)
Central nucleus of the brain	It is called the primitive brain, its evolution dates back about 500 million years to primitive structures found in non-human species. This part directs breathing, eating, and sleeping.
Cerebral cortex	Governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness.
Cerebellum	Part of the brain that controls body balance.
Thalamus	Part of the brain that functions as a relay of sensory information.
Hypothalamus	A tiny part of the brain maintains homeostasis. Produces and regulates vital behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
Limbic System	Controls feeding, aggression, and reproduction.

Topic 2: Neurotransmitters

As discussed before, neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that carry messages to other neurons. Some neurotransmitters have been found to be key to human behavior. Consider the examples in figure 1.

Figure 1: Neurotransmitters and behavior

Think about these neurotransmitters and how so many of the activities in our daily routine are influenced by them. Consider these examples related to how neurotransmitters affect our conduct:

· The overproduction of dopamine generates negative consequences. Scientists think this could play a role in schizophrenia and other serious mental disturbances. Therefore, the drugs given to a schizophrenic patient block the reception of dopamine to reduce symptoms.

· Recent studies on serotonin suggest that it has a broader role, that it is involved in behaviors such as alcoholism, depression, suicide, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and coping with stress.

· Exercise stimulates endorphins (Example: The joy of the runner or" "runners high").

· The use of placebos is related to endorphins, it is believed that this explains how the act of taking placebos causes relief since it can induce the release of endorphins that reduce pain.

Use this search term to learn more: "Runners high AND endorphin"

References:

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). Biological psychology. APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/Links to an external site. Boyd, D. Bee, H. (2019). Lifespan development. Global edition. Pearson Education Limited.

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

Module 3: Essay - Mirror Neurons

Demonstrate information skills in searching for academic resources. Compare and analyze scientific articles.

Instructions

a. Review the information included in this module about mirror neurons (see the other resources section of this module). Complete a search for academic resources in psychology using the term “mirror neurons.” Search only in scientific research databases for resources that have been peer-reviewed (reviewed by experts). b. Select one older article about mirror neurons from the late 1990s or early 2000s. c. Select a recent article about mirror neurons from 2017-2022. The more recent, the better. d. Compare both articles, contrast the information, and discuss if the findings of mirror neurons have changed. e. Focus on how progress in scientific research related to mirror neurons has been made, its implications, and if previous findings have been supported by current research.

Be sure to review the academic expectations for your submission.

GPmodule3lecture.docx

Module 3: Lecture Content - The Physiological Bases of Behavior

Topic 1: Physiological Bases: Behavior and the Brain

The perspective of neuroscience studies behavior, considering the biological functioning of the human being. It is an area that has had a lot of growth in recent years, thanks to advances in technology and scientific research. To understand the physiological basis of behavior, we must understand how the brain, neurons, and nervous system work.

Physiological psychology can also be called biological psychology or psychophysiology. It refers to "the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, emotions, and the reciprocal relations between biological and psychological processes. It also addresses topics such as behavior-changing brain lesions, chemical responses in the brain, and brain-related genetics. It includes such fields as behavioral neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, behavioral endocrinology, and psychoneuroimmunology (APA, 2020). Let's begin by examining some basic definitions related to this area of study (Feldman et al., 2017):

Nervous system	Refers to the brain and the other cells that influence our behavior. The nervous system is the system that allows the body to carry out precise activities.
Neuron	Nerve cells in charge of transmitting messages that allow you to think, remember, and experience emotions. Unlike other cells, neurons can communicate with other cells and transmit information from a distance.
Mirror neurons (Human beings have the innate ability to imitate)	Specialized neurons activate not only when a person exhibits a certain behavior, but also when a person observes another individual exhibiting the same behavior. These neurons are believed to be strongly associated with empathy and language development. They are a variety of visuospatial neurons which indicate fundamentally human social interaction. Mirror neurons contribute to complex control systems.
Synapse	Space between two neurons where the axon of a transmitting neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron through chemical messages.
Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.
Behavioral neuroscientist or Neuropsychologist	Psychologists or mental health experts specialize in considering the influences that biological structures and functions of the body have on behavior. These topics of study are not exclusive to neuropsychology and can be found in other subspecialties. (Example: Developmental psychology)
Central nucleus of the brain	It is called the primitive brain, its evolution dates back about 500 million years to primitive structures found in non-human species. This part directs breathing, eating, and sleeping.
Cerebral cortex	Governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness.
Cerebellum	Part of the brain that controls body balance.
Thalamus	Part of the brain that functions as a relay of sensory information.
Hypothalamus	A tiny part of the brain maintains homeostasis. Produces and regulates vital behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
Limbic System	Controls feeding, aggression, and reproduction.

Topic 2: Neurotransmitters

As discussed before, neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that carry messages to other neurons. Some neurotransmitters have been found to be key to human behavior. Consider the examples in figure 1.

Figure 1: Neurotransmitters and behavior

Think about these neurotransmitters and how so many of the activities in our daily routine are influenced by them. Consider these examples related to how neurotransmitters affect our conduct:

· The overproduction of dopamine generates negative consequences. Scientists think this could play a role in schizophrenia and other serious mental disturbances. Therefore, the drugs given to a schizophrenic patient block the reception of dopamine to reduce symptoms.

· Recent studies on serotonin suggest that it has a broader role, that it is involved in behaviors such as alcoholism, depression, suicide, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and coping with stress.

· Exercise stimulates endorphins (Example: The joy of the runner or" "runners high").

· The use of placebos is related to endorphins, it is believed that this explains how the act of taking placebos causes relief since it can induce the release of endorphins that reduce pain.

Use this search term to learn more: "Runners high AND endorphin"

References:

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). Biological psychology. APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/Links to an external site. Boyd, D. Bee, H. (2019). Lifespan development. Global edition. Pearson Education Limited.

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

Module 3: Essay - Mirror Neurons

Demonstrate information skills in searching for academic resources. Compare and analyze scientific articles.

Instructions

a. Review the information included in this module about mirror neurons (see the other resources section of this module). Complete a search for academic resources in psychology using the term “mirror neurons.” Search only in scientific research databases for resources that have been peer-reviewed (reviewed by experts). b. Select one older article about mirror neurons from the late 1990s or early 2000s. c. Select a recent article about mirror neurons from 2017-2022. The more recent, the better. d. Compare both articles, contrast the information, and discuss if the findings of mirror neurons have changed. e. Focus on how progress in scientific research related to mirror neurons has been made, its implications, and if previous findings have been supported by current research.

Be sure to review the academic expectations for your submission.

GPmodule3lecture.docx

Module 3: Lecture Content - The Physiological Bases of Behavior

Topic 1: Physiological Bases: Behavior and the Brain

The perspective of neuroscience studies behavior, considering the biological functioning of the human being. It is an area that has had a lot of growth in recent years, thanks to advances in technology and scientific research. To understand the physiological basis of behavior, we must understand how the brain, neurons, and nervous system work.

Physiological psychology can also be called biological psychology or psychophysiology. It refers to "the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, emotions, and the reciprocal relations between biological and psychological processes. It also addresses topics such as behavior-changing brain lesions, chemical responses in the brain, and brain-related genetics. It includes such fields as behavioral neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, behavioral endocrinology, and psychoneuroimmunology (APA, 2020). Let's begin by examining some basic definitions related to this area of study (Feldman et al., 2017):

Nervous system	Refers to the brain and the other cells that influence our behavior. The nervous system is the system that allows the body to carry out precise activities.
Neuron	Nerve cells in charge of transmitting messages that allow you to think, remember, and experience emotions. Unlike other cells, neurons can communicate with other cells and transmit information from a distance.
Mirror neurons (Human beings have the innate ability to imitate)	Specialized neurons activate not only when a person exhibits a certain behavior, but also when a person observes another individual exhibiting the same behavior. These neurons are believed to be strongly associated with empathy and language development. They are a variety of visuospatial neurons which indicate fundamentally human social interaction. Mirror neurons contribute to complex control systems.
Synapse	Space between two neurons where the axon of a transmitting neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron through chemical messages.
Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiving neuron.
Behavioral neuroscientist or Neuropsychologist	Psychologists or mental health experts specialize in considering the influences that biological structures and functions of the body have on behavior. These topics of study are not exclusive to neuropsychology and can be found in other subspecialties. (Example: Developmental psychology)
Central nucleus of the brain	It is called the primitive brain, its evolution dates back about 500 million years to primitive structures found in non-human species. This part directs breathing, eating, and sleeping.
Cerebral cortex	Governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness.
Cerebellum	Part of the brain that controls body balance.
Thalamus	Part of the brain that functions as a relay of sensory information.
Hypothalamus	A tiny part of the brain maintains homeostasis. Produces and regulates vital behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
Limbic System	Controls feeding, aggression, and reproduction.

Topic 2: Neurotransmitters

As discussed before, neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that carry messages to other neurons. Some neurotransmitters have been found to be key to human behavior. Consider the examples in figure 1.

Figure 1: Neurotransmitters and behavior

Think about these neurotransmitters and how so many of the activities in our daily routine are influenced by them. Consider these examples related to how neurotransmitters affect our conduct:

· The overproduction of dopamine generates negative consequences. Scientists think this could play a role in schizophrenia and other serious mental disturbances. Therefore, the drugs given to a schizophrenic patient block the reception of dopamine to reduce symptoms.

· Recent studies on serotonin suggest that it has a broader role, that it is involved in behaviors such as alcoholism, depression, suicide, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and coping with stress.

· Exercise stimulates endorphins (Example: The joy of the runner or" "runners high").

· The use of placebos is related to endorphins, it is believed that this explains how the act of taking placebos causes relief since it can induce the release of endorphins that reduce pain.

Use this search term to learn more: "Runners high AND endorphin"

References:

American Psychological Association [APA]. (2020). Biological psychology. APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/Links to an external site. Boyd, D. Bee, H. (2019). Lifespan development. Global edition. Pearson Education Limited.

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

GPmodule3lecture.docx

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

GPmodule3lecture.docx

GPmodule3lecture.docx

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

GPmodule3lecture.docx

GPmodule3assignmentessay.docx

GPmodule3lecture.docx

general psychology

general psychology