General Phycology II

Module 1

Memory and Cognition

PSYC 122

General Psychology II

Module 1 Memory and Cognition

PSYC 122 General Psychology II

Objectives

At the end of the module, the student will be able to:

Discuss ideas, existing knowledge, and experiences related to Psychology.

Define the different areas of psychology covered during the course, and explain their methods, functions, and objectives.

Create a diagram of the Three-Stage Memory Model.

Explain the four (4) major memory models.

Discuss the Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval (ESR) Model vs. a Computer

• Psychology consists of an extensive variety of ideas, existing knowledge, and

experiences connected to the study of human behavior, cognition, emotions,

and mental processes.

• There are several specialties in psychology, some of which are:

o Clinical Psychology

o Cognitive Psychology

o Counseling Psychology

o Developmental Psychology

o Educational Psychology

o Industrial-Organizational Psychology

o Experimental Psychology

o Forensic Psychology

o Health Psychology

o Neuropsychology

Psychology

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

• Scientific method: psychologist follows strict, standardized

procedures so that others can understand, interpreted and repeat or

test their findings. The process of conducting research in

psychology involves several key steps:

1. Question and literary review

2. Testable hypothesis

3. Research design

4. Data collection and analysis

5. Publication

6. Theory development

Psychology

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

▪ Memory is a constructive process through

which we actively organize and shape

information as it is being encoded, stored,

and retrieved. On the other hand, cognition is

the mental activities involved in acquiring,

storing, retrieving, and using knowledge

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2019).

Memory and Cognition

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

▪ The Three-Stage Memory Model, proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968, marked a significant milestone in the field of memory research.

▪ It built upon earlier theories and research conducted by influential figures, contributing to our understanding of memory processes.

▪ Memory consists of three interconnected stages:

1. Sensory memory

2. Short-term memory (STM)

3. Long-term memory (LTM)

Three-Stage Memory Model

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

1. Sensory memory Storage:

Its purpose is to hold sensory information. Everything we see, touch, taste, and smell

initially enters sensory memory, which represents the first stage. Despite having a

large capacity, its duration is limited to seconds.

2. Short-term memory storage (STM)

The second memory stage of this model temporarily stores sensory information and

sends and receives information from Long-Term Memory (LTM). Its duration is 30

seconds.

3. Long-term memory (LTM)

The third phase of the memory model is LTM. Information is transferred from STM,

organized, and integrated into LTM. It stores information relatively permanently. LTM

sends information to STM when needed.

Three-Stage Memory Model

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Three-Stage Memory Model

▪ Components of LTM:

o Explicit memory describes the

consciously and purposeful recollection of

factual information or subjective

experiences, such as remembering a recent

vacation or remembering historical details.

o Implicit memory refers to the

unconsciously or automatically recalling

of previously taught knowledge or

abilities, such as bicycling or typing on a

keyboard without awareness.

Explicit and Implicit Memory

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

1. Encoding, storage, and retrieval (ESR) model:

o Three processes are involved in the encoding, storage, and

retrieval (ESR) model of memory: encoding (obtaining

information), storing (retaining information for later use), and

retrieval (recovering information).

2. Three-stage memory model:

o Sensory memory, Short-term memory (STM), and Long-term

memory (LTM).

Four Major Memory Models

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

3. Levels of processing model:

o A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate

deep is used to create the levels of processing model of memory,

with deeper processing resulting in better encoding, storage, and

retrieval (Sanderson and Huffman, 2020).

4. Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model:

o Memory model in which processes related to memory take place

concurrently over a vast network of brain connections (Ciccarelli

and White, 2020).

Four Major Memory Models

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval (ESR) Model vs. a Computer

ESR Model Computer

When encoding, storing, and retrieving

information, humans rely on cognitive

processes, subjective experiences, and

contextual elements.

Computers enable encoding through input

devices like keyboards, storage through

electronic data storage devices like hard

drives, and retrieval through accessing stored

data from the hard drive to recover and view it

on the computer screen.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

(Sanderson and Huffman, 2020)

References

Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2020). Psychology (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN-13:

9780137497928 https://www.vitalsource.com/products/psychology-saundra-k-

ciccarelli-j-v9780135182789

Sanderson, C. A., & Huffman, K. (2020). Real world psychology (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN-

13: 978-1119577751 https://bulk-store.vitalsource.com/products/real-world-

psychology-catherine-a-sanderson-karen-v978111577737

Review as many times as required the information contained in the module folder

(includes this presentation).

Read the reference material to clarify any questions.

Carry out all the activities according to the instructions.

Submit assignments on the indicated date through the educational

platform.

Congratulations you have reviewed the

theoretical summary of this week's topic!

Actively participate in collaborative sessions.

Remember that to successfully build your learning it is important that:

Module 1

Memory and Cognition

PSYC 122

General Psychology II