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Milestone One

LaPorscha Terrell

PSY 560-X1278

Tiffany Stoutamire

October 8, 2023

Outline

Historical Overview

· The psychoanalytic theory focuses on the observations that Sigmund Freud made as a neurologist who observed various psychological issues affecting patients. Freud set up a private practice for treating patients with psychological disorders, proving the psychoanalytic theory's basis was focused on mental stressors affecting patients (Kaur, 2021).

· Freud was interested in observing patients suffering from neurosis and hysteria since their symptoms were diverse from known psychological conditions. He understood that hysteria mainly affected people by causing them to get emotional disturbances without cause. From this perspective, an argument on how problems from the unconscious mind caused people to integrate mental illness was possible using Freud’s experience.

· With further research on patients, Freud discovered that the subconscious mind was very powerful as it stored diverse urges and feelings that people would not control. He then developed the psychoanalytic theory from this basis to explain that a person’s unconscious mind could dominate their diverse behaviors.

· The experience that Freud gained while working at a psychiatry clinic allowed him to manage different cases of unconscious problems affecting patients (Kaur, 2021).

Historical Development

· The psychoanalytic theory was officially published in 1922 when Freud, who was working in Vienna, Austria, gained experience in assessing how patients were influenced by background factors (Kaur, 2021).

· In 1923, Freud's theory progressed by detailing how a person's personality could be divided into the id, the ego, and the superego (Kaur, 2021). The id is the unconscious part that influences behavior, the ego is the conscious element, and the superego integrates conscious and unconscious elements.

· A prevailing theory that Freud developed was gestalt psychology in 1912 by Max Wertheimer (Wagemans et al., 2012). Another prevailing theory was structuralism in psychology, that was developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Bradford Titchener (Lopez-Garrido, 2023).

· The gestalt psychology was highly imperative in addressing how human beings focused on present events in their lives but got influenced by the past, resulting in the theory's directives to ensure people eliminate the influence of their past from their existent lives (Wagemans et al., 2012).

· Structuralism in psychology was a theory that addressed consciousness as an element of mental experiences that influence how people deal with complex experiences (Lopez-Garrido, 2023).

· The psychoanalytic theory relates to the earlier theories mentioned as it integrates analysis of consciousness and how people get influenced to decide how to manage their past issues.

· The development of an effective psychoanalysis process is possible when the persons involved integrate advanced perceptions of various events in their lives.

· Enhancing a person's capability of managing influencing conditions in their lives is an imperative task as it validates the capability of responding to influential thoughts and feelings, as discussed by Freud.

Key Theorist

· Sigmund Freud is the critical theorist who developed psychoanalytic theory due to his experience in the neurology field.

· Different interactions with patients at a psychiatric clinic where Freud worked allowed him to gain experience on how different types of consciousness influence a person’s behavior.

· Freud explained how pre-consciousness integrated the ego, the conscious part of a person was the most visible one, and how the unconscious integrated the ID and superego (Kaur, 2021). All these indicate the validity of studying how the human brain operates using influencing factors.

· Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Moravia, Austria. He then moved to Vienna with his family, where he studied physiology and neurology.

· The educational background of Freud influenced him to integrate an advanced review of people's psychological conditions that influenced their behavior.

· The experience of working with people suffering from psychological problems caused Freud to discover how the unconscious mind had a great power in influencing a person's behavior (Hall & Lindzey, 1957).

Key Concepts

· Development of psychoanalytic theory occurred using Freud’s technique of assessing consciousness, pre-consciousness, and unconsciousness since people get affected by different events in life that influence their reactions (Hall & Lindzey, 1957).

· Management of different events in natural life is possible by different people when they get provided with an appropriate improvement in their well-being using techniques that discover how their unconsciousness influences different states (Nunberg, 1950).

· Freud's psychoanalytic theory was reviewed by scholars, including Lacanian psychoanalysis, which detailed how therapeutic management is possible by studying how people get affected by background conditions (Barry, 2020).

· All the events affecting a person’s life are connected to how they interpret language and the method used to internalize different events in life. Based on this argument, a productive improvement in mental balance is possible using psychoanalysis.

How the Theory Is Used Today

· Psychoanalytic theory is used today to assist people in gaining a better understanding of how they think and feel. From the theory's initial perspective of studying different types of consciousness it enabled psychologists to learn how to gain insights into why people behaved in specific ways.

· The theory's use today is related to managing emotional trauma, depression, and anxiety, which commonly affect people.

· Addressing cultural and literary criticism is implemented correctly by the psychoanalytic theory today to study how the social environment influences different types of reactions from people (Barry, 2020).

· Improvement of a patient's capability to address issues affecting them and creating unique solutions are always possible when addressing factors influencing thoughts in a person's mind.

References

Barry, P. (2020). Psychoanalytic criticism. In Beginning theory (fourth edition) (pp. 97-122). Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526153524.00010.

Lopez-Garrido, G. (2023). What Is Structuralism in Psychology? https://simplypsychology.org/structuralism.html#:~:text=Wundt's%20theory%20was%20developed%20and,elements%20that%20constitute%20the%20mind.

Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., & von der Heydt, R. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. Psychological bulletin, 138(6), 1172–1217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029333.

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Annotated Bibliography

LaPorscha Terrell

PSY 560-X1278

Tiffany Stoutamire

October 19, 2023

PSY 560 Annotated Bibliography

IX: Trait Theory

Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary Psychology: A New Paradigm for Psychological Science. Psychological Inquiry, 6(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0601_1

This is a primary source by a leading psychologist, David M. Buss. This article describes the main principles of evolutionary psychological approach and shows its application in different fields. These domains are thinking, communication, language, aggressiveness, jealousy, sexual orientations, and seeking social status. Besides its historical importance, this article still holds much significance for modern psychologists as an up-to-date document, proving that it continues to affect the subject many years after it was written. This article by David Buss was published in a highly respected academic journal.

This source is culturally relevant as well. In this article, evolutionary psychology attempts to explain universal human behavior not bounded by cultures. The purpose is to understand essential human traits that overcome cultural variations, making them acceptable everywhere. Therefore, this is one critical resource to ensure that my project becomes a remarkable success. It is a crucial work that provides a comprehensive explanation of evolutionary psychology and numerous practical utilizations for understanding various aspects of human life and behavior stemming from an evolutionary approach.

X: Biological Theory

DeYoung, C. G., & Gray, J. R. (2009). Personality neuroscience: Explaining individual differences in affect, behavior, and cognition.  The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology, 323-346. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/67991/1/202.pdf.pdf#page=379

This is a primary source by leading psychologists DeYoung & Gray. In this article, the authors set out to examine the neurological bases for differences in personality as displayed by humans. The report investigates the interaction of neural mechanisms and various aspects of effect, behavior, and cognition through an interdisciplinary perspective. They provide an exciting model for explaining individuals' beginnings of unique characteristics.

This article was published in “The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology,” it is one of the most essential achievements for the whole personality neuroscience. This work released in 2009 is as valid today as it may have been initially. This endurance arises from fundamental questions the article addresses neurobiological bases of personality, an ever more intriguing subject matter in human behavior, and individual differences research.

This work is supported by two eminent personality psychologists and neuroscientists, DeYoung, and Gray, adding significant value to it. Moreover, their competence in these areas is well known, which increases this article’s authenticity. The compendium is highly respected as an authority among educational circles, thus further confirming the credibility of the contained data.

This resource is culturally relevant because it crosses national and cultural divides. Human nature includes certain personality traits derived from neural processes and seen in different societies and cultures. Neurological processes underlying the article serve as a basis for the global interpretation of psychogenesis.

Its thorough examination of personality neuroscience and its revealing neurology for individual variations makes it pivotal for my paper. As such, it offers essential information on how the brain operates, providing a firm ground for understanding the intricacies of personality.

XI: Final Project Theory

Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (2022). Personal values across cultures.  Annual review of psychology,  73, 517-546. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-125100

Personal values are explored in their role among various cultures in this paper. The authors explore the complex relationship between personal values, behavior, and societal norms. The article provides an interesting discussion on how some universal aspects of human behavior are determined by such essential variables as the universality and cultural specificity of personal values.

This paper has appeared in the Annual Review of Psychology (2022) and represents one of the most important contributions to cross-cultural psychology and understanding human values. The publication of this treatise confirms its current pertinence to present-day psychology debates. The article continues with age-long queries on how individual values are affected by culture, thereby offering insightful thoughts for both researchers and practitioners.

This article has distinguished scholars such as Sagiv and Schwartz, well known for extensive work on values and culture. Each has left an indelible footprint on the arena of cross-cultural psychology. This makes this article very dependable as well as scientific.

This resource will be vital as they will appreciate this cultural relativity and how they relate one’s values to the generalized culture. It is through values that individuals make decisions, and therefore, their expression is intricately linked to cultural values and norms. The article uncovers this delicate relationship between values and culture, which is essential to researchers and practitioners engaged in diverse cultural settings.

This paper will prove to be one of the primary sources to refer to when I conclude the subject under consideration because it profoundly explores the personal values of each culture and their effect on human behavior within various contexts. It provides a solid basis to understand how individuals internalize and embody their values and shared norms in an international setting today.

XII: Final Project Theory

Russo, D., & Stol, K. J. (2020). Gender differences in personality traits of software engineers.  IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,  48(3), 819-834. https://cora.ucc.ie/server/api/core/bitstreams/4315dfdc-bc00-4975-8b05-f45a69f360cf/content

This study describes the distinctive characteristics of male and female software engineers. This study provides crucial information about possible gender effects on the soft skill profiles of practitioners in the software engineering field. The authors set out to provide more insight into the dynamics of this discipline.

Contemporary importance is retained by a recent study published in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2020).”. This research becomes relevant after faster technological advancement and increased knowledge about software engineering expertise. This is a crucial issue regarding diversity in the workforce.

The authors are experienced professors in software engineering and gender research. This study’s foundation has been built upon an accumulation of experts who jointly contribute to building its credibility and academic standards. The study's publication in the “IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering” shows that it was done according to sound academic requirements, and indeed, this journal has earned itself the reputation of publishing good research on software engineering.

This resource gains cultural significance by examining how gender works between and among professionals in a specialized field. This study on perceived gender differences in personality traits is relevant in software engineering as an essential part of technology since it contributes to the issue of diversity and gender equality in the workplace. Therefore, this study should be a starting point for deeper consideration of women's representation in technology jobs.

The themes of my final project include, among others, the role that specific characteristics play for women in the male field, namely, software engineering. The study is significant because it offers relevant first-hand evidence on potential gender variation in police performance and, as such, contributes towards an encompassing appreciation of labor phenomena. Therefore, this study will also be critical to look at the gender dimensions of software engineering.