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PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Explain the diversity of contributions to the contemporary fields of psychology. 1.1 Identify the contributions of women and minorities to the field of psychology. 1.2 Discuss the barriers women and minorities faced within the field of psychology.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 14: Women in the History of Psychology Chapter 15: Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology Unit Lesson

Introduction In this unit, you will meet a few individuals who made valuable contributions for the greater good of both psychology and society.

Women in Psychology As with each of the concepts and theorists before, it would be impossible to sum up the contribution of women scholars in one unit lesson. As such, we will highlight several key contributors, and you will have the opportunity during your unit assignment to dig even deeper. Interestingly enough, if you fast forward to the present, you will find more women in psychology than men. First, though, we should take our discussion back to the past, beginning in medieval Germany. Hildegard von Bingen Here, we meet a sort of Renaissance woman (several hundred years before the Renaissance) who wrote extensively on religion (she was a nun), the natural sciences, and music. Her work involved the nature of both physical and mental disease long before an established science was created for either (Lawson et al., 2018). Catholics may know her as Saint Hildegard of Bingen. Dorothea Dix Dix earned her place in history as both a teacher and as an advocate for the mentally ill (Lawson et al., 2018). She began teaching well-to-do young women in the early 1800s and then expanded her work to teach the poor. Remember from prior units that this was historically a bit revolutionary because it was not completely accepted that all people had the capacity for education. Dix worked with inmates at a women’s prison in Massachusetts where she became very aware of the abuses experienced by the mentally ill. At a time when those suffering from psychopathologies were cast aside, Dix recognized that the mentally ill deserved humane treatment. She went on a tour to observe the abuses at various institutions and made such a point of her findings that changes were filed in the United States, in Europe, and as far away as Japan in the 1850s. Mary Whiton Calkins Calkins is known almost as much for what she did not do as for what she did (which was a lot). What Calkins never received was a doctorate in psychology from Harvard University at the end of the 19th century. She sat

UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE Women and Ethnic Minorities in Psychology

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

through lectures, taught other women in her own right, and unanimously passed the doctor of philosophy (PhD) examination board, but Harvard did not award degrees to women at the time. Calkins endured, however; as previously noted, she was a skilled instructor. She also wrote a couple of psychology textbooks, contributed experimentally to the new field of scientific psychology, and she worked to reconcile the feuding structuralists and functionalists of her time. In her lifetime, Calkins was also elected president of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the American Philosophical Association (Lawson et al., 2018). Margaret Floy Washburn Much like Calkins, Margaret Washburn was allowed to sit in on graduate classes unofficially, though she did eventually move to a graduate school that would award her a PhD in psychology—the first for a woman—in 1894. Her professional work contributed to comparative psychology and behaviorism. She would have fallen into our S-O-R (stimulus, organism, response) camp because she left some room for consciousness, going against the beliefs of her contemporary John B. Watson. Washburn eventually led the APA in 1921 and even the Experimentalists group of E.B. Titchener, which was previously only available for men (Lawson et al., 2018).

Karen Horney countered the standard psychoanalytic view of what it meant to be female, Nancy Russo addressed the notion of natal sex versus gender roles, Evelyn Hooker demonstrated that homosexuality was

(Arkesteijn, 2016; Byeznhpyxeuztibuo, 2016; History Nebraska, n.d.; Vers75, 2019)

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

not an illness, and Mamie Phipps Clark studied segregation alongside her husband, Kenneth Clark, whom we will address again shortly. These are only some highlights from your textbook (Lawson et al., 2018).

Ethnic Minorities in Psychology

As previously discussed, the history of Western psychology has largely been the domain of older white men. Thankfully, many pioneering women helped to change this over the past century, and this can be seen as a parallel path for ethnic minorities. Acknowledging the many incidences of racism in our field is a part of the history we must accept and grow from. The APA itself underwent growth during the latter half of the 20th century in reaction to the horrors of racism seen by the world during World War II and the social movements of the 1960s. Division 45 is the specific branch of the APA that addresses ethnic minority issues in detail (Lawson et al., 2018). An African American psychologist named Dalmas Taylor was instrumental in some of these developments. Imagine being a promising African American student during the first part of the 20th century with a passion for psychology. Imagine further that very few colleges open to you had adequate funding, and most were limited to undergraduate work. You might be able to apply and get into a few white graduate programs, but then you might not be allowed to live on campus. If you graduated with your degree in psychology, jobs for people of your ethnic background were hard to come by. If you did land a job in your chosen field, you might be underpaid compared to your white counterparts, and the resources available to do your work were likely to be subpar (Lawson et al., 2018). Who would put up with such a setup? Let’s meet a few brave souls! Kenneth B. Clark Dr. Clark received his PhD in psychology in 1940 and taught at various prestigious colleges across the country (Lawson et al., 2018). His work directly contributed to the Brown vs. Board of Education case of 1954 regarding school segregation, and he went on to demonstrate that prejudice was a learned behavior—not a biological certainty in humanity. You may remember from earlier that his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, was his research partner; take a look at a recreation of their famous “Doll Studies” in the troubling "Doll Test" video segment. The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Kenneth Clark would go on to become the first African American president of the APA (Lawson et al., 2018). Francis Sumner Dr. Sumner is sometimes called the “Father of Black American Psychologists” for his early involvement in the field; in fact, he was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology all the way back in 1920 after having been drafted to serve in World War I (Lawson et al., 2018). He was actually a professor to Dr. Kenneth Clark, and his professional career in psychology examined topics such as race and religion. Asian, Hispanic, and Native American Voices Asian Americans have also been historically underrepresented in the field of psychology, and an organization of Asian psychologists was actually formed in San Francisco in the 1970s to bring issues of this nature to light (Lawson et al., 2018). Dr. Stanley Sue was a key figure in recognizing the unfamiliarity and underutilization of

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

psychological services in his Asian American family and community, and he has also been honored as an important contributor to APA’s Division 45. Hispanic American Martha Bernal was the first Latina to receive her psychology PhD in the United States in 1962 (Lawson et al., 2018). She has since contributed in the field of child psychology and to a greater understanding of multiculturalism. Native American Carolyn Attneave has made important connections between her multidisciplinary approach to psychology and to her native culture. Some of her focus has been on family and community healing.

Conclusion Once again, it would not be possible to capture all of the contributions made by those who have come before, but we can see now through multiple examples that underrepresented voices have had much to say concerning psychology over the years. Perhaps you identify as a woman or ethnic minority; if so, perhaps your name will one day be noted in history courses of the future!

References Arkesteijn, J. (2016). Maria Montessori [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Montessori_(portrait).jpg Byeznhpyxeuztibuo. (2016). Lillien Jane Martin [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lillien_Jane_Martin_(1851-1943)_(12483401105).jpg History Nebraska. (n.d.). RG2411-2463-1: Portrait of Leta Stetter Hollingworth [Photograh]. History Nebraska.

https://nebraskahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/B7BF34ED-776D-48FF-96F7-849266441078 Lawson, R. B., Anderson, E. D., & Cepeda-Benito, A. (2018). A history of psychology: Globalization, ideas,

and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. Vers75. (2019). Christine Ladd-Franklin [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christine_Ladd-Franklin_vers_1909.jpg Suggested Unit Resources The Films on Demand database in your online library has some fascinating content on Hildegard von Bingen. Plug in her name, and see what you find.

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 1

Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. Explain the diversity of contributions to the contemporary fields of psychology. 1.1 Identify the contributions of women and minorities to the field of psychology. 1.2 Discuss the barriers women and minorities faced within the field of psychology.

Required Unit Resources Chapter 14: Women in the History of Psychology Chapter 15: Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology Unit Lesson

Introduction In this unit, you will meet a few individuals who made valuable contributions for the greater good of both psychology and society.

Women in Psychology As with each of the concepts and theorists before, it would be impossible to sum up the contribution of women scholars in one unit lesson. As such, we will highlight several key contributors, and you will have the opportunity during your unit assignment to dig even deeper. Interestingly enough, if you fast forward to the present, you will find more women in psychology than men. First, though, we should take our discussion back to the past, beginning in medieval Germany. Hildegard von Bingen Here, we meet a sort of Renaissance woman (several hundred years before the Renaissance) who wrote extensively on religion (she was a nun), the natural sciences, and music. Her work involved the nature of both physical and mental disease long before an established science was created for either (Lawson et al., 2018). Catholics may know her as Saint Hildegard of Bingen. Dorothea Dix Dix earned her place in history as both a teacher and as an advocate for the mentally ill (Lawson et al., 2018). She began teaching well-to-do young women in the early 1800s and then expanded her work to teach the poor. Remember from prior units that this was historically a bit revolutionary because it was not completely accepted that all people had the capacity for education. Dix worked with inmates at a women’s prison in Massachusetts where she became very aware of the abuses experienced by the mentally ill. At a time when those suffering from psychopathologies were cast aside, Dix recognized that the mentally ill deserved humane treatment. She went on a tour to observe the abuses at various institutions and made such a point of her findings that changes were filed in the United States, in Europe, and as far away as Japan in the 1850s. Mary Whiton Calkins Calkins is known almost as much for what she did not do as for what she did (which was a lot). What Calkins never received was a doctorate in psychology from Harvard University at the end of the 19th century. She sat

UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE Women and Ethnic Minorities in Psychology

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 2

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

through lectures, taught other women in her own right, and unanimously passed the doctor of philosophy (PhD) examination board, but Harvard did not award degrees to women at the time. Calkins endured, however; as previously noted, she was a skilled instructor. She also wrote a couple of psychology textbooks, contributed experimentally to the new field of scientific psychology, and she worked to reconcile the feuding structuralists and functionalists of her time. In her lifetime, Calkins was also elected president of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the American Philosophical Association (Lawson et al., 2018). Margaret Floy Washburn Much like Calkins, Margaret Washburn was allowed to sit in on graduate classes unofficially, though she did eventually move to a graduate school that would award her a PhD in psychology—the first for a woman—in 1894. Her professional work contributed to comparative psychology and behaviorism. She would have fallen into our S-O-R (stimulus, organism, response) camp because she left some room for consciousness, going against the beliefs of her contemporary John B. Watson. Washburn eventually led the APA in 1921 and even the Experimentalists group of E.B. Titchener, which was previously only available for men (Lawson et al., 2018).

Karen Horney countered the standard psychoanalytic view of what it meant to be female, Nancy Russo addressed the notion of natal sex versus gender roles, Evelyn Hooker demonstrated that homosexuality was

(Arkesteijn, 2016; Byeznhpyxeuztibuo, 2016; History Nebraska, n.d.; Vers75, 2019)

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 3

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

not an illness, and Mamie Phipps Clark studied segregation alongside her husband, Kenneth Clark, whom we will address again shortly. These are only some highlights from your textbook (Lawson et al., 2018).

Ethnic Minorities in Psychology

As previously discussed, the history of Western psychology has largely been the domain of older white men. Thankfully, many pioneering women helped to change this over the past century, and this can be seen as a parallel path for ethnic minorities. Acknowledging the many incidences of racism in our field is a part of the history we must accept and grow from. The APA itself underwent growth during the latter half of the 20th century in reaction to the horrors of racism seen by the world during World War II and the social movements of the 1960s. Division 45 is the specific branch of the APA that addresses ethnic minority issues in detail (Lawson et al., 2018). An African American psychologist named Dalmas Taylor was instrumental in some of these developments. Imagine being a promising African American student during the first part of the 20th century with a passion for psychology. Imagine further that very few colleges open to you had adequate funding, and most were limited to undergraduate work. You might be able to apply and get into a few white graduate programs, but then you might not be allowed to live on campus. If you graduated with your degree in psychology, jobs for people of your ethnic background were hard to come by. If you did land a job in your chosen field, you might be underpaid compared to your white counterparts, and the resources available to do your work were likely to be subpar (Lawson et al., 2018). Who would put up with such a setup? Let’s meet a few brave souls! Kenneth B. Clark Dr. Clark received his PhD in psychology in 1940 and taught at various prestigious colleges across the country (Lawson et al., 2018). His work directly contributed to the Brown vs. Board of Education case of 1954 regarding school segregation, and he went on to demonstrate that prejudice was a learned behavior—not a biological certainty in humanity. You may remember from earlier that his wife, Mamie Phipps Clark, was his research partner; take a look at a recreation of their famous “Doll Studies” in the troubling "Doll Test" video segment. The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Kenneth Clark would go on to become the first African American president of the APA (Lawson et al., 2018). Francis Sumner Dr. Sumner is sometimes called the “Father of Black American Psychologists” for his early involvement in the field; in fact, he was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology all the way back in 1920 after having been drafted to serve in World War I (Lawson et al., 2018). He was actually a professor to Dr. Kenneth Clark, and his professional career in psychology examined topics such as race and religion. Asian, Hispanic, and Native American Voices Asian Americans have also been historically underrepresented in the field of psychology, and an organization of Asian psychologists was actually formed in San Francisco in the 1970s to bring issues of this nature to light (Lawson et al., 2018). Dr. Stanley Sue was a key figure in recognizing the unfamiliarity and underutilization of

PSY 3301, History and Systems of Psychology 4

UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title

psychological services in his Asian American family and community, and he has also been honored as an important contributor to APA’s Division 45. Hispanic American Martha Bernal was the first Latina to receive her psychology PhD in the United States in 1962 (Lawson et al., 2018). She has since contributed in the field of child psychology and to a greater understanding of multiculturalism. Native American Carolyn Attneave has made important connections between her multidisciplinary approach to psychology and to her native culture. Some of her focus has been on family and community healing.

Conclusion Once again, it would not be possible to capture all of the contributions made by those who have come before, but we can see now through multiple examples that underrepresented voices have had much to say concerning psychology over the years. Perhaps you identify as a woman or ethnic minority; if so, perhaps your name will one day be noted in history courses of the future!

References Arkesteijn, J. (2016). Maria Montessori [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Montessori_(portrait).jpg Byeznhpyxeuztibuo. (2016). Lillien Jane Martin [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lillien_Jane_Martin_(1851-1943)_(12483401105).jpg History Nebraska. (n.d.). RG2411-2463-1: Portrait of Leta Stetter Hollingworth [Photograh]. History Nebraska.

https://nebraskahistory.pastperfectonline.com/photo/B7BF34ED-776D-48FF-96F7-849266441078 Lawson, R. B., Anderson, E. D., & Cepeda-Benito, A. (2018). A history of psychology: Globalization, ideas,

and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. Vers75. (2019). Christine Ladd-Franklin [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christine_Ladd-Franklin_vers_1909.jpg Suggested Unit Resources The Films on Demand database in your online library has some fascinating content on Hildegard von Bingen. Plug in her name, and see what you find.