fix by 3/15

PADM 700

Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment Instructions

Overview

The foundation for sound scholarship is a solid command of the academic literature in your field. A scholar builds this foundation by reading and evaluating one academic source at a time.

Over time, you will read many, many sources. It is vitally important for you to keep a record of what you have read, along with important annotations so that you remember how each source is relevant to your research. These citation records include:

· Basic bibliographic details: Author, Title, Publication Name, Date, Page Numbers.

· A brief summary of the source: What was the key argument? What were its strengths or weaknesses? Was anything in the piece applicable to your future research?

· Tags or Keywords: You should consider how to organize your sources so that you can easily recall sources that are relevant to various research projects you may be managing, and sources that are relevant to different parts of a research project.

This Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment will introduce you to the process of identifying, recording, and annotating sources for later use. It will also introduce you to a citation management tool called RefWorks that is available to all Liberty University students. A link to RefWorks is included in the assignment prompt for Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment.

NOTE: If you are already accustomed to using another citation manager, you are not required to use RefWorks, but you are strongly encouraged to do so.

Instructions

For this assignment, you are required to submit an Annotated Bibliography in which you:

· Identify at least ten sources that are relevant to a public policy issue that you may be interested in researching for your dissertation.

· State and briefly describe, in a few sentences, the public policy issue you intend to explore in this assignment.

· Note that these sources can be used for your Research Paper: Literature Assessment Assignment, so be thoughtful in selecting them.

· Create an entry for each source in RefWorks, or your chosen citation manager.

· Annotate each source with a summary of at least 50 words. (If you use RefWorks, write your annotation for each source in the “Abstract” field of your record for that source.)

· Each annotation should state the central thesis of the source being cited.

· Each annotation should explain how the source’s author(s) support their thesis.

· Each annotation should evaluate the relevance or applicability of the source to your research interest.

Produce an Annotated Bibliography document according to current APA format. (See the Liberty University Writing Center for a sample Annotated Bibliography – a link to this is included in the Resources section in this assignment’s prompt.)

· Ensure that you have a properly formatted Title Page with your name, the course name, the instructor name, and the date of your document.

· Ensure that your citations are properly formatted and alphabetized.

· Ensure that your full annotation of each source is included beneath the source’s citation.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

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Donavan Croom

Liberty University

PADM 700

3/8/2026

Moral Leadership and Administrative Statesmanship

The two articles provided point out important insights that a good public administrator with ethical responsibilities should show, especially if in the public service. These two documents explore and show that there is attention that is always there between morals, the Constitution of Fidelity, and sound decisions in governance. These two documents examine how publicly does should navigate dilemma situations without tell choir constitutional and moral considerations.

Newswander, in his document “The Guerrilla Statesmanship: Constitutionalizing An Ethic of Dissent, " argues that public administrators should implement policies to uphold the requirements of the constitution because it's their mandate and their duty to do both. In the thesis of the paper, he implies that administrators should uphold the ethic of dessent especially in cases where policies conflict with the Constitution. Administrators are placed on the opposition by the constitution and should have the interests of the public rather than their own interests and morals (Newswander,2012). According to newswander he supports the argument that bureaucrats should operate as provided by the constitution.

Newswander emphasizes moral courage for administrators, which adds the most strength to each argument. Guerilla statesmanship is a concept that shows dissent is not in subordination but away of administrators to show loyalty to the constitution. According to the article, any administrator who resists unconstitutional directives is fulfilling his or her mandate and constitutional obligations. This argument by Newswander changes the traditional perspective of administration, where administrators prioritized being obedient over serving the constitutional mandate. This argument also shows that democracy is growing. In his article, Newswander also acknowledges that there are risks that come as a result of dissent. Administrators may face dismissal or marginalization when they resist unconstitutional directives (Newswander,2012). News wonders says that administrators who are grounded in constitutional directives tend to face marginalization and may lose power as a result.

On the other hand, Newbold on his article, ’Statesmanship and Ethics: The Case of Thomas Jefferson,” discusses how complex executive decisions are made. Newbold explains how Thomas Jefferson was caught up in a dilemma during the Louisiana Purchase. In the article new board says that Jefferson knew for a fact that the land would be useful for the future of the Nation; however, to purchase it, it was not on the constitution and the Constitution did not authorize him to do so. Newbold's article explains how administrations involve themselves in dirty hands by violating constitutional directives for the greater public gain (Newbold 2005).

Newbold shows that Jefferson was caught in the middle of morals and constitutional directives while purchasing the Louisiana. New bold uses this case, which is well known to show how public administrators are caught between while trying to make a decision. Public administrators have to choose between the law provisions and the welfare of the Nation.

Newbold's strengths in his argument come in the nuance of moral compromise. His argument on dirty hands implies that administrators usually make imperfect decisions. New bold focuses more on the burden of the decision-making administrators face, who hold high positions in the administration. For both articles, they add that decisions by administrators required thoughtful reasoning. However, on the new bold “dirty hands” argument, if leaders violate the constitution in the name of public gain, there are risks of normalizing overreach. If not well-bounded, this doctrine can go overboard and increase the chances of misconduct.

Newswander focuses on administrators resisting unconstitutional directives, while Newbold focuses on the difficulties administrators undergo to make choices for the public and the nation. Both arguments reflect the idea that our public administrators and public servants should operate within the constitutional directives.

When researching public policy issues, these two sources are highly important and relevant. Executive orders, contemporary debates, constitutional interpretations, and bureaucratic resistance show this same tension seen in these articles. Administrators today should show constitutional loyalty.

Finally, new bold and newswander affirm the importance of ethics in governance. They show how courage and accountability are important in public administration. Public administrators require deep Roots on constitutional loyalty.

References

Newswander, C. B. (2012). Moral leadership and administrative statesmanship: Safeguards of democracy in a constitutional republic.  Public Administration Review,  72(6), 866-874.

Newbold, S. P. (2005). Statesmanship and ethics: The case of Thomas Jefferson's dirty hands.  Public Administration Review,  65(6), 669-677.

Moral Leadership and Administrative Statesmanship

Student’s Name

Institution

Course

Date

Moral Leadership and Administrative Statesmanship

The two articles provided point out important insights that a good public administrator with ethical responsibilities should show, especially if in the public service. These two documents explore and show that there is attention that is always there between morals, the Constitution of Fidelity, and sound decisions in governance. These two documents examine how publicly does should navigate dilemma situations without tell choir constitutional and moral considerations.

Newswander, in his document “The Guerrilla Statesmanship: Constitutionalizing An Ethic of Dissent, " argues that public administrators should implement policies to uphold the requirements of the constitution because it's their mandate and their duty to do both. In the thesis of the paper, he implies that administrators should uphold the ethic of dessent especially in cases where policies conflict with the Constitution. Administrators are placed on the opposition by the constitution and should have the interests of the public rather than their own interests and morals (Newswander,2012). According to newswander he supports the argument that bureaucrats should operate as provided by the constitution.

Newswander emphasizes moral courage for administrators, which adds the most strength to each argument. Guerilla statesmanship is a concept that shows dissent is not in subordination but away of administrators to show loyalty to the constitution. According to the article, any administrator who resists unconstitutional directives is fulfilling his or her mandate and constitutional obligations. This argument by Newswander changes the traditional perspective of administration, where administrators prioritized being obedient over serving the constitutional mandate. This argument also shows that democracy is growing. In his article, Newswander also acknowledges that there are risks that come as a result of dissent. Administrators may face dismissal or marginalization when they resist unconstitutional directives (Newswander,2012). News wonders says that administrators who are grounded in constitutional directives tend to face marginalization and may lose power as a result.

On the other hand, Newbold on his article, ’Statesmanship and Ethics: The Case of Thomas Jefferson,” discusses how complex executive decisions are made. Newbold explains how Thomas Jefferson was caught up in a dilemma during the Louisiana Purchase. In the article new board says that Jefferson knew for a fact that the land would be useful for the future of the Nation; however, to purchase it, it was not on the constitution and the Constitution did not authorize him to do so. Newbold's article explains how administrations involve themselves in dirty hands by violating constitutional directives for the greater public gain (Newbold 2005).

Newbold shows that Jefferson was caught in the middle of morals and constitutional directives while purchasing the Louisiana. New bold uses this case, which is well known to show how public administrators are caught between while trying to make a decision. Public administrators have to choose between the law provisions and the welfare of the Nation.

Newbold's strengths in his argument come in the nuance of moral compromise. His argument on dirty hands implies that administrators usually make imperfect decisions. New bold focuses more on the burden of the decision-making administrators face, who hold high positions in the administration. For both articles, they add that decisions by administrators required thoughtful reasoning. However, on the new bold “dirty hands” argument, if leaders violate the constitution in the name of public gain, there are risks of normalizing overreach. If not well-bounded, this doctrine can go overboard and increase the chances of misconduct.

Newswander focuses on administrators resisting unconstitutional directives, while Newbold focuses on the difficulties administrators undergo to make choices for the public and the nation. Both arguments reflect the idea that our public administrators and public servants should operate within the constitutional directives.

When researching public policy issues, these two sources are highly important and relevant. Executive orders, contemporary debates, constitutional interpretations, and bureaucratic resistance show this same tension seen in these articles. Administrators today should show constitutional loyalty.

Finally, new bold and newswander affirm the importance of ethics in governance. They show how courage and accountability are important in public administration. Public administrators require deep Roots on constitutional loyalty.

References

Newswander, C. B. (2012). Moral leadership and administrative statesmanship: Safeguards of democracy in a constitutional republic.  Public Administration Review,  72(6), 866-874.

Newbold, S. P. (2005). Statesmanship and ethics: The case of Thomas Jefferson's dirty hands.  Public Administration Review,  65(6), 669-677.

Module 3: Week 3—Statesmanship —> Annotated Bibliography & Coaching Suggestions

Good Monday Morning!

There is often confusion about this assignment. I have been trying to make this somewhat complex assignment as clear as possible. Let me know if you have any questions.

This is, in my opinion. the most demanding—but one of the most important in this course—as it helps further develop a skill critical to your doctoral journey.  Reading a lot of research and policy papers and applying critical thinking and analyses to seek truth and facts based on evidence. And then determining if what you learned has applicability to your work and your future dissertation/capstone research. 

Important Note: The Assignment asks you to critically review 10 research articles. review 8-10 articles (more if you prefer) but invest the time to do deeper dives on the research design and methodology, per the critical analysis factors below. 

Yes, this is a long Announcement but contains details that will be very helpful for you. So please study it closely. 

Please be looking for a follow up announcement on Critical Thinking/Discerning Truth. It is applicable to this Module and all sources of information. Seek truth and facts and separate, as Scripture says, the wheat from the chaff. Or in today's terms, the evidence from the noise.

Also, another helpful suggestion. If you haven't already check out the Online Writing Center. You can send them your paper (at least two days before it is due) and they will provide excellent assistance on formatting, writing, APA.....Try it. 

Very important notes:

· Learning more about statesmanship this week is of value as we aspire to become the stateswomen and men God can use. This week's assigned content, below, has practical value for your current work. 

· However—this Module 3 deliverable (Annotated Bibliography) is  not directly connected to statesmanship—although the assigned resources will be applicable and helpful in Module 4 and future assignments .

· Instead, the assignment is to (re)introduce you to identifying, researching, and critically analyzing an array of research articles and other sources. This is a critical skill set you will be using throughout your doctoral journey and especially the literature review you will be doing for your dissertation or capstone project. 

Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment Instructions

This  Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment will introduce you to the process of identifying, recording, and annotating sources for later use.

“An annotated bibliography is a structured list of research sources (books, articles, documents) where each citation is followed by a brief, descriptive, and evaluative paragraph known as an annotation. Each entry typically includes the citation (e.g., APA), a summary of the source’s arguments, an assessment of its quality/reliability, and a reflection on its relevance to a specific research topic.” cite Google 2.5.2026

It is vitally important for you to keep a record of what you have read, along with important annotations so that you remember how each source is relevant to your research. The article may not 'fit' today but might in a. year.

These citation records include:

· Basic bibliographic details: Author, Title, Publication Name, Date, Page Numbers.

· A brief summary of the source: What was the key argument? What were its strengths or weaknesses? Was anything in the piece applicable to your future research? If not, keep a copy as it may be of value later in your research journey.

· Tags or Keywords: You should consider how to organize your sources so that you can easily recall sources that are relevant to various research projects you may be managing, and sources that are relevant to different parts of a research project.

The assignment also introduces you to a citation management tool called RefWorks that is available to all Liberty University students. A link to RefWorks is included in the assignment prompt for  Research Paper: Annotated Bibliography Assignment.

NOTE: If you are already accustomed to using another citation manager, you are not required to use RefWorks, but you are strongly encouraged to do so.

Learn:

Please note comment above. The assigned readings/watch items for this do not directly apply to Module 3 but do for Module 4.  Your Annotated Bibliography is the learning assignment.

Instructions

For this assignment, you are asked to submit an Annotated Bibliography in which you identify, analyze, and summarize at least  eight to ten (8-10) applied research sources < five years old that may have relevance for your public administration topic of interest for your dissertation or capstone project.

Note: these sources can also be used for your Module 5 Journal Article Review and Literature Assessment assignment in Module 7: Week 7, so be thoughtful in selecting them. Please use APA 7 requirements.

Produce an Annotated Bibliography document according to current APA format. (See the Liberty University Writing Center for a sample Annotated Bibliography – a link to this is included in the Resources section in this assignment’s prompt.)

· Ensure that you have a properly formatted Title Page with your name, the course name, the instructor’s name, and the date of your document.

· Ensure that your citations are properly formatted and alphabetized.

· Ensure that your full annotation of each source is included beneath the source’s citation.

Coaching Recommendations

· Be objective. State your question about the topic. What is the question you want to answer via your research? Then seek research articles asking the same or similar question from a variety of sources. 

· Please do not start with the answer (your opinions on the topic) and then find articles that support your opinion. 

· Find opposing—even conflicting—perspectives on your research interest.

· Seek truth and evidence wherever it leads. 

· Seek actual  applied research articles rather than opinion, policy, advocacy, etc. papers.

Deliverable Details

1. Title Page. Topic and Overview of Research Interest. State and briefly describe, in a few sentences, the public administration question/challenge/issue you intend to explore in this assignment.

2. Create an entry for each source in RefWorks or your chosen citation manager.  If you use RefWorks, write your annotation for each source in the “Abstract” field of your record for that source.

3. Each summary (at least 50 words). Dig deeper than just reading and summarizing the Abstract for each article so you can apply critical thinking and analysis to answer these questions:

· What do you know about the authors? Credibility? Objectivity? Agenda?

· What do you know about the journal or source? Trusted? Or driving an agenda?

· Who funded the 'research'?

· Each annotation should state the central thesis of the source being cited. What is their main research question or hypothesis?

· What research methodologies did the authors use to answer their research question?

· What did the authors find or conclude?

· Do you trust their findings?

· In sum, each annotation should evaluate the  relevance or applicabilityof the source to  your research interest. Considering all the questions above,  does the article and its findings have value to help you frame your research?

Please review the Grading Rubric for additional insights. It will be assessing:

· Selection of sources (50 points)

· Substance of each annotation (50 points)

· Length of annotation (50 points)

· Grammar and style (25 points)

Please DO NOT use AI tools to help research and summarize this Annotated Bibliography. We will provide a demo for using AI tools to help you augment this Bibliography for Module 7.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool. Be very careful to NOT copy/paste content from the Abstract of each article.

Thank you!