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For sparse data, discuss why considering only the presence of non-zero values might give a more accurate view of the objects than considering the actual magnitudes of values. When would such an approach not be desirable?

Describe the change in the time complexity of K-means as the number of clusters to be found increases.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of treating clustering as an optimization problem. Among other factors, consider efficiency, non-determinism, and whether an optimization-based approach captures all types of clusterings that are of interest.

What is the time and space complexity of fuzzy c-means? Of SOM? How do these complexities compare to those of K-means?

Explain the difference between likelihood and probability.

Give an example of a set of clusters in which merging based on the closeness of clusters leads to a more natural set of clusters than merging based on the strength of connection (interconnectedness) of clusters