D1
may2025
2 months ago
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files (3)DB1.docx
ch02.pptx
- ch01.pptx
DB1.docx
Due 5/6/2026 350 word response 2 references/intext citations
Use APA style rules and support your responses with outside resources.
Use the attached ppts.
1. Explain how childhood trends impact juvenile delinquency? How do you think childhood and delinquency influence behavior?
ch02.pptx
Chapter 2: The Nature and Extent of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
FBI compiles information on the number of criminal acts reported in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Compiled from statistics of more than 17,000 police departments
Most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics
Part I Offenses:
Homicide and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, arson, and motor vehicle theft
Part II offenses:
Vandalism, liquor law violations, and drug trafficking
Measuring Delinquency with the Uniform Crime Reports
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
2
The UCR uses three methods to express crime data:
The number of crimes reported to the police and arrests made – raw data
Crime rates per 100,000 people are calculated:
Crime Rate = (# of Reported Crimes) x (100,000 population)
Changes in the number and rate of crimes over time
Uniform Crime Report
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
3
Victim surveys show that less than 1/2 of all victims report crime to the police
Teens are unlikely to report crimes to the police if they think that reporting the crime will make them vulnerable to retaliation
Teens are more willing to talk to parents than police
The arrest data only includes adolescents who have been caught
Victimless crimes are undercounted
Arrest decision criteria vary among police agencies
VALIDITY OF THE UCR
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
4
It is assumed that the characteristics of samples will be similar to the entire population
Survey
People are asked about their attitudes, beliefs, values, and characteristics
Sampling
Selecting a limited number of people for study as a representative of a population
Population
A group that has similar characteristics
Measuring Delinquency with Survey Research
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
5
National Crime Victimization Survey
A comprehensive nationwide survey of victimization in the U.S.
Conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Justice Statistics
The survey provides information about victims, offenders, and crime
NCVS provides a more complete picture of the nation’s crime problem
The NCVS Survey
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
6
Findings must be interpreted with caution:
Over-reporting due to victims’ misinterpretation
Underreporting due to the embarrassment of reporting
Inability to record the personal criminal activity of those interviewed
Sampling errors, which produce a group of respondents who do not represent the whole nation
Inadequate question format
Validity of the NCVS
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
7
Self-reports:
Ask adolescents to describe, in detail, their recent and lifetime participation in criminal activity
Contain questions about attitudes, values, and behaviors
Can be used to examine the offense histories of the criminal population
Self-Report Surveys
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
8
It might be unreasonable to expect adolescents to candidly admit illegal acts
Some of them may forget some of their criminal activities
Comparisons between groups can be highly misleading – some wish to exaggerate the extent of their deviant activities
The “missing cases” phenomenon
May measure only non-serious, occasional delinquents
Validity of Self-Reports
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
9
UCR:
Remains the standard unit of analysis on which most criminological research is based
Omits crimes that are not reported to police
NCVS:
Includes unreported crime and important information on the personal characteristics of victims
Self-report:
Provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders
Evaluating Primary Data Sources
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
Photo:
Primary data sources include arrest data accumulated by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report. This photo of
Ashlee A. Martinson, 17, was taken after her arrest for allegedly killing her mother and stepfather at their
home in Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Locking her three younger siblings in a room with juice and crackers,
she and her 22-year-old boyfriend fled to Indiana, where they were arrested. Martinson was charged
with two counts of first-degree intentional homicide. AP Images/Uncredited
10
Cohort research data:
Observe over time a group of people who share certain characteristics
Experimental data:
Study the effect of the intervention
Observational and interview research:
Conduct an in depth study on a few subjects
Mata-analysis and systematic review:
Gather data from a number of previous studies
Alternative measures of Delinquent Behavior
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO1. Compare and contrast the most important methods used to gather data on delinquency.
11
Crime rates increased gradually following the 1930s until the 1960s, when the growth rate became much greater
UCR finds about 1.6 million violent crimes are reported each year
About 368 per 100,000 population
About 8.6 million property crimes are reported annually to police, a rate of about 2,730 per 100,000 population
Crime Trends in the U.S.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO2. Identify trends in the delinquency rate and the factors that influence and shape its direction.
12
Juveniles are responsible for about 11% of the Part I violent crime arrests and about 19% of the property crime arrests
Juvenile offenders continue to be overrepresented in the crime rate
DELINQUENCY ARREST TRENDS
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
13
NCVS data show that criminal victimizations have declined significantly during the past 30 years
In 1973, an estimated 44 million victimizations were recorded, far higher than today; since 1993, the rate of violent victimization has declined about 80%
VICTIMIZATION TRENDS
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
14
There are approximately 50 million school-age children in the U.S.
Even though teen crime rates may rise, the impact will be offset by the growing number of relatively crime-free senior citizens
Serious social and economic conditions can alter the trajectory of delinquency
What the Future Holds…
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
15
Time and place of delinquency
Most acts occur in the summer, in the months of July & August
Large urban areas have the highest juvenile violence rates; rural areas have the lowest
West & South have higher delinquent rates than Midwest & Northeast
Correlates of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
Photo:
While boys are more violent than girls, violent crimes committed by females are
not unknown. Here, Kayla Hassall, 16, center, one of five teenagers accused of
beating fellow teen Victoria N. Lindsay, tries to contain her emotions as she sits
in court with her parents prior to a plea hearing before Circuit Judge Keith Spoto
at the Polk County Courthouse, in Bartow, Florida. Hassall and April Cooper
were among the teens accused of attacking the 16-year-old girl, with whom they
had an online squabble. The attack was recorded on video and seen around the
world via the Internet and TV. Under the terms of her plea, prosecutors agreed
to drop felony kidnapping charges. April Cooper pleaded guilty to two counts of
misdemeanor battery. Both had to write letters of apology to Lindsay and agree
to not talk to the media for profit. One of the girls involved in the incident received
a 15-day jail sentence.
AP Images/Michael Wilson/Pool
16
Gender and delinquency
Generally, males are more delinquent than females
Today, there are more similarities than differences between male and female delinquents
Correlates of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
Photo:
While boys are more violent than girls, violent crimes committed by females are
not unknown. Here, Kayla Hassall, 16, center, one of five teenagers accused of
beating fellow teen Victoria N. Lindsay, tries to contain her emotions as she sits
in court with her parents prior to a plea hearing before Circuit Judge Keith Spoto
at the Polk County Courthouse, in Bartow, Florida. Hassall and April Cooper
were among the teens accused of attacking the 16-year-old girl, with whom they
had an online squabble. The attack was recorded on video and seen around the
world via the Internet and TV. Under the terms of her plea, prosecutors agreed
to drop felony kidnapping charges. April Cooper pleaded guilty to two counts of
misdemeanor battery. Both had to write letters of apology to Lindsay and agree
to not talk to the media for profit. One of the girls involved in the incident received
a 15-day jail sentence.
AP Images/Michael Wilson/Pool
17
Race and delinquency
Racial minorities are disproportionately represented in the arrest statistics
African American youths are more likely to be formally arrested
Bias effects
Racial threat theory
Racial profiling
Caucasians are more likely to receive lenient sentences
Racial differentials are tied to the social & economic disparity suffered by African American youths
Correlates of Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
18
Kids in all classes and levels of society commit crime
Serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower-class areas, whereas less serious crimes are spread evenly throughout social classes
Poverty is linked to social problems
Family disruption, poor educational opportunity, and lack of resources are all associated with delinquency
Social Class and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
19
It is generally believed that age is inversely related to criminality: as people age, the likelihood that they will commit crime declines.
Aging out process:
People commit less crime as they age
Youths who get involved with delinquency at a very early age (age of onset) are most likely to become career criminals
Age and Delinquency
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
Photo:
Arrest data show that juveniles commit more crime and are
more likely to be arrested than adults. Older people, those
over 65, commit few crimes and are rarely arrested.
Joel Gordon Photography
20
Focus on Delinquency
What social, economic, personal, and demographic factors cause rates to climb, peak, fall, and rise once again?
Population makeup, economy and jobs, social problems, abortion, immigration, guns, gangs, drug use, media, juvenile justice policy
Although juvenile delinquency rates have been declining in the United States, they have been increasing in Europe. Is it possible that factors that correlate with delinquency rate changes in the United States have little utility in predicting changes in other cultures? What other factors may increase or reduce delinquency rates?
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO3. List and discuss the social and personal correlates of delinquency.
21
A relatively small number of youths begin to violate the law early (early onset) and continue at a high rate well into adulthood (persistence)
These offenders are resistant to change and seem immune to the effects of punishment
Chronic Offending
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Analyze the concept of the chronic offender.
22
The chronic career offender is most likely associated with the research efforts of Marvin Wolfgang (1972)
54% of the sample’s delinquent youth were repeat offenders
627 boys (6% of the total sample) were responsible for 52% of all offenses
Two factors are shown to affect recidivism:
The seriousness of the original offense
The severity of punishment
The greater the punishment, the more likely to repeat delinquency
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Analyze the concept of the chronic offender.
23
Distribution of Offenses in the Philadelphia Cohort
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Analyze the concept of the chronic offender.
Figure 2.1
24
Studies indicate chronic juvenile offenders continue their law-violating careers as adults:
Continuity of crime
What causes chronic offending?
Involvement in criminal activity
Low intellectual development
Parental drug use
Problems in learning & motor skills, cognitive abilities, and family relations
Alcohol abuse, economically dependent, lower aspirations, and a weak employment record
Youths with a long juvenile record are most likely continue their offending career into adulthood
Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO4. Analyze the concept of the chronic offender.
25
Juveniles are also victims of crime, and data from victim surveys can help us understand the nature of juvenile victimization
NCVS data indicates that young people are more likely to be victims of crime than adults
Male teenagers have a significantly higher chance than females of becoming victims
African American youth have a greater chance of becoming victims of violent crimes than European American youth
Juvenile Victimization
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Categorize the factors that predict teem victimization.
Photo:
Thousands of children are the victims of adult sexual predators.
One of the most notorious cases involved Jaycee Lee Dugard, who
survived being kidnapped, raped, and held captive for 18 years. She
is shown here with Oprah Winfrey as she is presented an award for
her courage at the United Nations in New York. Dugard plans to live
in hiding until her two daughters, who were conceived in rapes by
Dugard’s kidnapper, are older and can better understand the circumstances
in which they were born.
AP Images/Charles Sykes
26
Teens tend to be victimized by their peers (i.e., other teens) ranging between 16 to 25
Victimization is mostly intraracial
White against white”, “Black against black”, “Latino against Latino”, etc.
Most teens are victimized by people with whom they are acquainted
Victimization is most likely to occur during the day
Teens can also be victims of sexual abuse, and most sexual abuse occurs in the home
The Victims and Their Criminals
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
LO5. Categorize the factors that predict teem victimization.
27
Three major methods of measuring juvenile delinquency:
UCR
NCVS
Self-reported
Recent trends in the delinquency rate
List and discuss the social correlates of delinquency
The concept of the chronic offender
Teenagers are much more likely to become victims of crime
summary
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
28
