crm justice
deefer
3 years ago
19
files (6)CmmPolicing.docx
9ProceduralJusticeinPolicing.pptx
7BrokenWindowsandFracturedHistory.pptx
4WhatIsEvidence-BasedPolicing.pptx
5Problem-OrientedPolicing.pptx
8CommunityPolicing.pptx
CmmPolicing.docx
450 words
1. Evidence-based policing is not just about the process or products of evaluating police practices, but also about the translation of that knowledge into digestible and useable forms and the institutionalization of that knowledge into practice and policing systems.
· Discuss five types of activities evidence-based policing can involve.
· Discuss at least three obstacles in relation to police and evidence-based policing.
2. In less than two decades, community policing has evolved from a few small foot patrol studies to the preeminent reform agenda of modern policing. Four complicating factors have made it extremely difficult to determine the effectiveness of community policing.
· Explain the four complicating factors.
RESOURCES You may use any source in addition to the textbook.
SPECIFICATIONS Post your opening response early so that others have time to respond to you. Include your references at the bottom of your response. For a top score, you must respond intelligently and constructively to at least two other students. More extensive participation will be noted.
9ProceduralJusticeinPolicing.pptx
9 – Procedural Justice in Policing
Procedural Justice Theory
The US criminal justice system is guided predominantly by deterrence theory—the view that crime is best controlled by instilling in citizens a fear of being caught and punished for violating the law.
Tyler demonstrated that police legitimacy had an independent effect on legal compliance while controlling for age, gender, race, income, and education
Much of Tyler’s work indicates that citizens evaluate police legitimacy primarily on the basis of procedural justice, or how fairly they believe officers treat people during interactions
Procedural Justice Theory Continued.
A Review of the Empirical Evidence
Compliance
Researchers have discovered that procedural justice can influence citizens’ encounter-specific decision acceptance and compliance.
Cooperation
In addition to immediate and long-term compliance, procedurally just treatment encourages citizens to cooperate with police in the form of reporting crimes or suspicious behaviors, testifying at trials, and participating in neighborhood watch groups.
Empowerment
A potential outcome of the exercise of procedural justice by officers is public empowerment, or willingness to grant the police discretion in performing their duties
Key Concerns
Much of the evidence regarding the effects of procedurally just policing is based on citizen surveys conducted at one point in time
Nagin and Telep (2017) were critical of the extant literature specifically concerned with legal compliance, pointing out that this methodology precludes researchers’ ability to rule out third common causes or reverse causality.
Another concern about the process-based model of policing is the hereto-fore implicit assumption that if officers exercise procedural justice, citizens will in fact perceive fair treatment
Necessary Next Steps
First, we need studies that consider the antecedents and outcomes of each dimension of procedural justice separately.
Second, researchers must continue exploring the dynamics of procedural justice within police departments.
Third, in addition to the desire for procedurally just treatment from their supervisors, police officers also want such treatment from citizens during interactions.
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7BrokenWindowsandFracturedHistory.pptx
7 – “Broken Windows” and Fractured History: The Use and Misuse of History in Recent Police Patrol Analysis
Policing and Broken Windows
Wilson, Kelling and Moore argue, because it has neglected “the little things,” the law enforcement equivalents of broken windows.
Two developments in the 1930s launched a radical reorientation of police patrol which were increased use of the patrol car and the development of the Uniform Crime Reports system.
Wilsonian theory emphasized the suppression of crime as the primary mission of policing. His text Police Administration became “the bible” of police management.
Lost in this process were the personal aspects of routine policing.
The Historical Framework
The historical framework presented by Wilson, Kelling and Moore consists of three components: the near-term (the last fifteen years); the middle-term, (last fifty years); and the long-term, (all of police history before the last fifty years).
One of the most important developments of the past fifteen years has been the expansion of our knowledge about all aspects of policing
. Wilson, Kelling, and Moore’s reading of the last fifty years of police history is mixed but can be excused in large part because they have drawn upon the available historical scholarship.
The Technological Revolution
The mid-century revolution in American policing involved not just the patrol car, but the car in conjunction with the telephone and the two-way radio.
These served to bring police officers into far more intimate contact with people than ever before.
The Revolution in Public Expectations
One consequence of the technological revolution has been a parallel revolution in public expectations about the quality of life.
The data on civilian complaints supports the argument made herein concerning police services generally: the availability of a service or remedy stimulates demand for that service, thereby altering basic expectations.
The Question of Legitimacy
The most important long-term development in American policing, according to Wilson, Kelling and Moore, has been the loss of political legitimacy.
The interpretation of police history offered by Wilson, Kelling, and Moore, which purports to explain how that legitimacy was lost, is seriously flawed.
Wilbur Miller explores the question of legitimacy from an entirely different angle.
The difference between the London and New York City police was precisely the extent to which officers in New York were denied the grant of legitimacy enjoyed by their counterparts in London.
The Myth of the Watchman
Historians have not yet reconstructed a full picture of police behavior in the nineteenth century.
Historians have established that police officers had a few purposes.
get and hold the job.
exploit the possibilities for graft
do as little actual patrol work as possible.
surviving on the street
go through the motions of “real” police work
Kelling, and Moore have no grounds for offering this as a viable model for contemporary policing.
4WhatIsEvidence-BasedPolicing.pptx
4 – What is Evidence-Based Policing?
Introduction
Evidence based has become increasingly common in the world of criminal justice policy and practice, especially policing
Sherman (1998) was likely the first to articulate the principles of an evidence-based approach to policing. Sherman focused on two dimensions of a research orientation in policing:
(I)using the results of scientifically rigorous evaluations of law-enforcement tactics, strategies and policies to guide decisions; and
(II) generating and applying analytic knowledge from internal and external sources
Introduction continued
Evidence-based policing is not just about the process or products of evaluating police practices, but also about the translation of that knowledge into digestible and useable forms and the institutionalization of that knowledge into practice and policing systems.
Relationships between the scientific community and law enforcement, and the views of officers of education, haven’t always been positive in the history of policing.
Evidence-based policing necessitates strong partnerships and increased communication and collaboration among researchers, analysts, and law enforcement officers.
A Starting Point: The Standard Model of Policing
The standard model can best be seen and described by examining the daily activities of patrol officers.
In the standard model of policing, officers’ behavior during non-committed time is marked by two characteristics: high levels of discretion and low levels of supervision.
Overall, the goals of both patrol and investigations under this model are to detect crime and disorder, bring offenders to justice, and settle other problems, disputes, and issues that might arise from individual calls for service.
Alternatives to the Standard Model
Problem-oriented policing (POP), first articulated by Goldstein.
The POP model questions the focus on responding to individual calls for service, arguing that individual calls in combination signal broader underlying problems.
A more recent alternative to the standard model is intelligence-led policing.
Ratcliffe (2008) defines intelligence-led policing as efforts that focus on targeting serious offenders, triaging crime problems, making greater use of surveillance and informants and, most importantly, making intelligence central to decision making.
The Benefits and Challenges of Evidence-Based Policing
Benefits:
the chances that they will achieve goals is higher than if they employ strategies not shown to yield such outputs.
Basing decisions on scientific knowledge might even increase satisfaction in police work
More broadly, evidence-based policing could also increase job satisfaction
Challenges
ease of access may not be enough to prompt the use of that research
difficult for any reform to change the status quo and the standard approach to policing
institutionalized barriers
over-valuation of experience
false expectations and beliefs about the role of researchers and research in policing, some of which has been propagated by academics themselves
Researchers in the evidence-based policing
5Problem-OrientedPolicing.pptx
5- Problem-Oriented Policing
What Is Problem-Oriented Policing?
Unlike the reactivity that is the hallmark of traditional law enforcement, the problem-oriented policing philosophy contends that reacting to calls for service is only the first step in police work.
Herman Goldstein (1979), a pioneer in the problem-oriented policing movement, argued that police should go further and attempt to find a permanent resolution to the problem that was responsible for the initial call.
The problem-solving process follows a four-step procedure, referred to as SARA
SARA
Scanning, the officer scans the area and identifies a problem.
Analysis, the officer collects information from various sources in the community as well as from his/her own department and other law enforcement agencies.
Response, the information obtained in the second stage is used to develop and implement potential solutions to the identified problem(s)
Assessment, the officer evaluates the effectiveness of the response.
Depending on the outcome of the Assessment stage, the officer may return to the.
Early Problem-Solving Evaluations
In the 1980s, the problem-solving movement began to take shape. The National Institute of Justice, required that the problem-solving system follow five basic principles:
Officers of all ranks and from all units should be able to use the system as part of their daily routine.
encourage the use of a broad range of information
encourage a broad range of solutions, including but not limited to the criminal justice process.
The system should require no additional resources and no special units.
Any large police agency must be able to apply it.
Innovation as a Key to Success
Since 1993, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) has given individual officers and/or entire police departments the Herbert Gold- stein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing.
Rojek (2003) conducted a study of the 53 Goldstein honored proposals awarded. His study reveals the winners share two primary characteristics
most innovative in addressing persistent problems
the most success in “reducing crime, disorder, and public-safety problems.
Implementation Issues with Problem-Oriented Policing
A fully problem-oriented police agency will be marked by at least seven characteristics (Eck and Spelman, 1987):
Problem solving will be the standard method of policing, not just an occasionally useful tactic.
Problem-solving efforts will focus on problems of the public, not police administration.
When problems are taken on, police will establish precise, measurable objectives.
Police managers will constantly look for ways to get all members of the department involved in solving problems.
Officers should consistently undertake thorough analysis using data from many sources, both internal and external to the police agency.
Officers will engage in an uninhibited search for solutions to all problems they take on.
All members of the department will be involved in problem solving.
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8CommunityPolicing.pptx
8 – Community Policing: Elements and Effects
What Is Community Policing? The Philosophical Dimension
Citizen Input - Police departments should seek and carefully consider citizen input when making policies and decisions that affect the community.
Broad Police Function- This broader view of the police function recognizes the kinds of non- enforcement tasks that police already perform and seeks to give them greater status and legitimacy
Personal Service - Under community policing, officers are asked to consider the “will of the community” when deciding which laws to enforce under what circumstances, and police executives are asked to tolerate and even encourage such differential and personalized policing.
The Strategic Dimension
Re-oriented Operations- Community policing recommends less reliance on the patrol car and more emphasis on face-to-face interactions.
Geographic Focus- Community policing recommends that patrol officers be assigned to the same areas for extended periods of time, to increase their familiarity with the community and the community’s familiarity with them
Prevention Emphasis – The substantial resource of free patrol time is devoted to directed enforcement activities, specific crime prevention efforts, problem solving, community engagement, citizen interaction, or similar kinds of activities. Community policing seeks to elevate before-the-fact prevention and problem-solving to comparable status.
The Tactical Dimension
Positive Interaction - Community policing recognizes this fact and recommends that officers offset it as much as they can by engaging in positive interactions whenever possible.
Partnerships - Under community policing, police agencies are expected not only to cooperate with citizens and communities but to actively solicit input and participation. It is important to recognize that this inherent feature of pluralistic com- munities does not arise because of community policing.
Problem Solving - Supporters of community policing is convinced that the very nature of police work must be altered from its present incident-by-incident, case-by-case orientation to one that is more problem-oriented.
The Organizational Dimension
Structure - Advocates of community policing often looks at various ways of restructuring police agencies in order to facilitate and support implementation of the philosophical, strategic, and tactical elements described above. The types of restructuring often associated with community policing include:
Decentralization, Flattening, De-specialization, Teams and Civilianization.
Management - Community policing is often associated with styles of leadership, management, and supervision that give more emphasis to organizational culture and values and less emphasis to written rules and formal discipline. Management practices consistent with this emphasis on organizational culture and values include:
Mission, Strategic Planning, Coaching. Mentoring, Empowerment, Selective Discipline.
Information – Doing community policing and managing it effectively require certain types of information that have not traditionally been available in all police departments. Several aspects of police administration under community policing that have implications for information are:
Performance Appraisal, Program Evaluation, Departmental Assessment, Information Systems, Crime Analysis
What Do We Know?
Crime - Overall, a slight majority of the studies have detected crime decreases, giving reason for optimism, but evaluation design limitations pre- vent us from drawing any authoritative conclusions.
Fear of Crime - The now widely accepted view that community policing helps reduce levels of fear of crime and increases perceptions of safety seems reasonably well-founded, although some efforts have failed to accomplish fear reductions.
Disorder - The available evidence suggests, though, that com- munity policing, and especially foot patrol and problem solving, helps reduce levels of disorder, lending partial support to the “broken windows” thesis.
What Do We Know? Continued.
Calls for Service - Community policing might reduce calls for service in several ways. Several studies have found positive effects, but several others have not.
Community Relations - Clearly, citizens generally appreciate mini-stations in their neighborhoods, foot patrols, problem-solving efforts, and other forms of com- munity policing.
Police Officer Attitudes - A clear majority of the studies that have investigated the effects of community policing on officers’ job satisfaction, perceptions of the community, and other related attitudes have discovered beneficial effects
Police Officer Behavior - Significant anecdotal evidence suggests that foot patrol, problem solving, permanent assignment, mini-stations, and other features of community policing lead to changes in some police officers’ behavior. Evidence also suggests that many officers resist changing their behavior.
