computer

Module 2: Discussion Forum

Based on what you have learned in class thus far and on the research on the WEB, write a unified and clear discussion. You are expected to consult outside sources to go beyond what has been presented in class.  

General Instructions for the Discussion Forum

1. Post your answer as established by your instructor on the course calendar. Your comments must be written in your own words. You can offer examples and quotes to support your proposals. Citations of other authors must be adequately documented (author's name, title, date, etc.).

2. Post your comments to the response of at least two (2) of your classmates on or before the day set by your instructor on the course calendar. Your reaction may be based on personal experiences, study material, or additional information obtained from the  Online Library (Links to an external site.)  or others and may include:

· Some understanding is received from what is published that synthesizes the information and offers new perspectives or suggestions.

· The validation or rejection of the idea (supported by your experience or research). 

· New information broadens, adds, or contrasts perspectives (based on reading and evidence). 

3. Remember that your work must be original and not contain material copied from books or the internet. You must respect the intellectual property of the authors and not commit plagiarism.

4. Examine the criteria used to evaluate your assignment to find out how to get the highest grade for your work. The assignments are graded or evaluated through rubrics or the distribution of points.

5. Before submitting your entry, read your message several times. This will ensure that it contains the exact information you want to communicate.

 Remember to review the  academic expectations  for your submission.

Submission Instructions:

· Submit your initial discussion post by 11:59 pm ET on Wednesday, and react critically to at least two of your classmates' discussion posts by 11:59 pm ET on Sunday.

· Contribute a minimum of 150 words to the initial post. It should include at least 1 academic source, formatted, and cited in APA.

· Follow established netiquette guidelines when participating in forums.

 

Module 2: Computer Components

This chapter teaches the components that make up a personal computer. A personal computer comprises many components, most notably the CPU, motherboard, RAM, hard disk, removable media, and input/output devices.

Identify the functions of the hardware in a computer system:

· Motherboard is an important computer component because it's what everything else connects to! The motherboard is a decently sized circuit board that lets other components communicate.

· Central Processing Unit (CPU)  is referred to as a computer's brain and is the machine's workhorse. It performs the calculations needed by a system and can vary in speed.

· Random-access Memory (RAM)  is temporary memory.

· Graphics Card- The major work of the graphics card is to create graphics and images that can be shown on a monitor. If your computer does not have a graphics card, you will not see the data, and the computer would be useless.

· Hard Drive- Hard drive would be another component of a computer. A hard drive is used to store programs and files on your computer.

· Network Card- A network card would be a separate card or integrated into the motherboard. The major work of a network card is to enable your computer to connect to the network and Internet.

· Monitor- It is an important component of the computer. Even though the computer is great, without a monitor, it also would be useless.

· USB Ports- USB port is also one of the most important computer components. The USB port enables you to connect some computer accessories, such as a mouse, keyboard, external hard drive, etc. So, it would be an essential part of the computer.

Computer hardware (usually called  hardware when a computing context is concerned) is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, etc., which are tangible, physical objects. In contrast, the software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Software is any machine-readable instruction that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.

 

Von Neumann Architecture Scheme  The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms.[3] The term's meaning has evolved to mean a stored-program computer where an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot coincide because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the system's performance.

Sales For the third consecutive year, U.S. business-to-business channel sales (sales through distributors and commercial resellers) increased, ending 2013 up nearly 6 percent at $61.7 billion. The impressive growth was the fastest sales increase since the recession's end. Sales growth accelerated in the second half of the year, peaking in the fourth quarter with a 6.9 percent increase over the fourth quarter of 2012.

Different Systems There are several different types of a computer system in use today.

Personal Computer

 

The hardware of a modern personal computer: 1. Monitor 2. Motherboard 3. CPU 4. RAM 5. Expansion cards6. Power supply 7. Optical disc drive8. Hard disk drive9. Keyboard 10.Mouse.

Inside a custom-built computer: the power supply at the bottom has its cooling fan. The personal computer, also known as the P.C., is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very similar, although they may use lower-power or reduced size components.

Case

The computer case is a plastic or metal enclosure that houses most components. Though a case can be big or small, what matters more is which form factor of motherboard it's designed for. Those found on desktop computers are usually small enough to fit under a desk; however, in recent years, more compact designs have become more common place, such as the all-in-one style designs from Apple, namely the iMac. Laptops are computers that usually come in a clamshell form factor again; however, in more recent years, deviations from this form factor have started to emerge, such as laptops with a detachable screen that becomes tablet computers in their own right.

Power Supply

A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (A.C.) electric power to low-voltage D.C. power for the computer's internal components. Laptops are capable of running from a built-in battery, generally for hours.

Mainboard

The motherboard is the main component of a computer. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer, including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives(CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others), and any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.

Components directly attached to or part of the motherboard include: The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of the calculations that enable a computer to function and is sometimes referred to as the computer's " brain. " A heat sink and fan usually cool it. Most newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The Chipset, which includes the northbridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.

The Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores the code and data actively accessed by the CPU. The Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or "booting" or "booting up." The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.

Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and expand cards for graphics and sound. The CMOS battery is also attached to the motherboard. This battery is the same as a watch battery or a battery for a remote to a car's central locking system. Most batteries are CR2032, which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS chip.

Expansion Cards

An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansions cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.

Storage Devices

Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers. Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data. The price of solid-state drives (SSD), which store data on flash memory, has dropped a lot in recent years, making them a better choice than ever to add to a computer to make booting up and accessing files faster.

Fixed Media

Data is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives are found in virtually all older computers due to their high capacity and low cost. Still, solid-state drives are faster and more power-efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives, so they are often found in more expensive computers. Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.

Removable Media

A USB flash drive or Optical disc may transfer data between computers. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; most machines have an optical disk drive, and virtually all have a USB port.

Input and Output Peripherals

Input and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis. The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.

Input

Input devices allow users to enter information into the system or control its operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptops typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.

Mainframe Computer

 

An IBM System z9 mainframe

A mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.

Departmental Computing

In the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation.

Supercomputer

A supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks. As of November 2013, the fastest supercomputer globally is the Tianhe-2, in Guangzhou, China. The term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computers available at any given time. In mid-2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop or 1000 trillion floating-point operations per second. Supercomputers are fast but extremely costly, so large organizations generally use them to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Supercomputers typically run military and scientific applications. Although they cost millions of dollars, they are also used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies. Healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country.

Hardware Upgrade

When using computer hardware, an upgrade means adding new hardware to a computer that improves its performance adds capacity or new features. For example, a user could perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive with an SSD to boost performance or increase the number of files that may be stored. Also, the user could increase the RAM so the computer may run more smoothly. The user could add a USB 3.0 expansion card to use USB 3.0 devices fully. Performing such hardware upgrades may be necessary for older computers to meet a programs' system requirements.

References

Casey, J. (2015).  Computer Hardware: Hardware Components and Internal P.C. Connections. Technological University Dublin    https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=schmuldissoft (Links to an external site.) . 

IC3 Certification. (2016).  Introduction to Computers and Information Technology. Person Education Company.