comp 120 Tiff

1

Annotated Bibliography

Tiffany Carroll

Professor Cathleen Kruska

Comp 120

October 4, 2026

Khukhlaev O, Novikova I and Chernaya A (2022) Interpersonal Mindfulness, Intergroup Anxiety, and Intercultural Communication Effectiveness Among International Students Studying in Russia. Front. Psychol. 13:841361. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841361 The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between interpersonal and intergroup aspects of mindfulness and communication competence in 337 international students in the Russian universities. The positive results regarding intercultural communication self-efficacy and anxiety were found to be linked to greater mindfulness. Their expertise is based on their work as university psychology researchers in the field of cross-cultural psychology and education and developmental psychology. These findings will be used as a basis to describe how to enhance respectful interactions with Costa Rican residents by focusing on tone, gestures, and personal presuppositions. Data analysis is performed with survey data from the other country, which provides a general frame and not direct evidence of the behavior of the Costa Rican.

National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI. This video captures pura vida in the presence of people and places from Costa Rica. Typical topics of conversation and joint work done in the market can serve as examples of verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and relationship building. National Geographic is a known documentary publisher but, while it uses a travel framework, it keeps the footage appealing, not a sample of the population. I will discuss the selected segment, 0:00-05:33, along with scholarly research, on respectful interaction. This segment will allow me to examine communication aspects that I consider high context, without assuming that all Costa Ricans are high-context communicators.

Osorno Fallas, R., & Solano Brenes, V. (2023). Sonidos del Pura Vida: Narrativas expandidas desde los territorios [Sounds of Pura Vida: Expanded narratives from the territories]. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación, (187), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.18682/cdc.vi187.9478 This article outlines a sound-mapping project for the nation of Costa Rica, which gathered over 400 sounds across seven provinces in both an academic fieldwork and citizens' participation context. The sound recordings come from markets, oral practices, ordinary life, and natural settings, and they reflect the manifestation of culture and cultural places. The sound recordings represent markets, oral practices, the environment, and daily life, and their voices reflect culture and cultural places. Osorno Fallas is a digital communication researcher for the Universidad Estatal a Distancia in Costa Rica and Solano Brenes is a historian and educator with graduate studies in history and museum communication. I am choosing this source because I will use the recordings to understand how the video portrays the local market, setting, and various cultures in the country. It is focusing on regional variations, which will enable me to avoid assumptions and stereotypes and think of all the Costa Ricans as having regional communication styles.

Wang, C., Wu, S. Y., Nie, Y. Z., Cui, G. Y., & Hou, X. Y. (2022). Open-mindedness trait affects the development of intercultural communication competence in short-term overseas study programs: a mixed-method exploration. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03281-2 This mixed-methods study explores open-mindedness and intercultural communication ability in 32 Australian health care students participating in international placements. The questionnaire results correlated open-mindedness with advances in skills in cultural communication; the interviews, however, pointed to active cultural immersion and readiness to learn. University researchers in health and education, the authors supported their findings with surveys and interviews in a peer-reviewed study. I will draw on this research to describe how inquiry and polite engagement might allow visitors to learn about Costa Rican worldviews rather than judge them through common preconceptions. The small sample and self-reported metrics limit generalization, thus I will relate the findings to my proposed communication technique rather than making assertions about Costa Rica.

Wrench, J. S., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (2020). Interpersonal communication: A mindful approach to relationships. Milne Open Textbooks. https://milneopentextbooks.org/interpersonal-communication-a-mindful-approach-to-relationships/ This COM 120 textbook explores interpersonal communication in a “mindful” way: noticing the assumptions one must make and paying attention to others. It is written by experts in communication education at universities, lending credibility to the authors due to their professional relationships and research. I will include Chapter 6 (section 6.3) for the high-context communication, collectivism, and face-negotiation theory. Rather than giving just any statistics about Costa Rica, I will use these points on specific interactions with the videos. In response to this discussion, I will reflect on how to communicate respectfully across different worldviews, considering the concept of ethnocentrism and stereotyping.

References

Khukhlaev O, Novikova I and Chernaya A (2022) Interpersonal Mindfulness, Intergroup Anxiety, and Intercultural Communication Effectiveness Among International Students Studying in Russia. Front. Psychol. 13:841361. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841361 National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI.

National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI.

Osorno Fallas, R., & Solano Brenes, V. (2023). Sonidos del Pura Vida: Narrativas expandidas desde los territorios [Sounds of Pura Vida: Expanded narratives from the territories]. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación, (187), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.18682/cdc.vi187.9478

Wang, C., Wu, S. Y., Nie, Y. Z., Cui, G. Y., & Hou, X. Y. (2022). Open-mindedness trait affects the development of intercultural communication competence in short-term overseas study programs: a mixed-method exploration. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03281-2

Wrench, J. S., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (2020). Interpersonal communication: A mindful approach to relationships. Milne Open Textbooks. https://milneopentextbooks.org/interpersonal-communication-a-mindful-approach-to-relationships/

Surname 2

Tiffany Carroll

COM-120

9 September 2026

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI

In the video "Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida" (full clip from 0:00 to 5:33), presented by National Geographic, viewers are able to observe authentic and respectful communication and worldviews in Costa Rica. The video features Nat Geo Explorer Dr. Christine Wilkinson and photographer Ruben Salgado Escudero during the green season in Costa Rica. Pura Vida is the main topic of the film, as it is the greeting, way to express thanks, farewell, and philosophy of the residents of Costa Rica. The audience is able to see the locals exchange warm smiles and conversations in the Turrialba Market, drinking coffee and enjoying each other’s company, meeting Indigenous people respectfully, walking in the mangrove forest, etc. All these scenes illustrate authentic relations between Costa Ricans and their guests, which is why the short video can be used as a reliable classroom source.

The three concepts presented in the textbook help us understand the communication behaviors that we see on screen and why this particular video can help us become more respectful when communicating with people with different world views. First, Costa Rica is a high context society (Chapter 6, Section 3). In high context societies, meaning comes not through words that are used explicitly but through common understanding, tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures and the social environment that surrounds the communication. In this case, the multi-faceted use of pura vida is in itself an invitation to relationship rather than a verbal code – all one needs is a smile and saying the words and the situation would determine whether it would be a greeting, an expression of gratitude or a goodbye.

Secondly, the consistent portrayal of solidarity, familial atmosphere, and group orientation in the video demonstrates collectivism (Chapter 6, Section 3). Collectivist societies give preference to relational harmony and cooperation over individual efficiency or achievement. The locals spend more time talking to one another, welcome tourists as transient members of a greater community, and are aware of helping one another and the environment. Such scenes of shared experiences both at the market and in the natural surroundings contrast with more individualistic forms of communication which place importance on directness and accomplishment first of all.

Thirdly, the friendly and welcoming behavior of the Costa Ricans reflects the face-saving techniques described by the face-negotiation theory (Chapter 6, Section 3). Face-negotiation theory is aimed at explaining how all cultures have people who try to save their face and preserve it in every interaction which could be embarrassing for both parties. In the video, the interactants make the exchange pleasant and positive so that "everyone quedará bien." Smiling, open body language, and the concept of pura vida can be considered the facework in daily life.

Observing such patterns enables me to realize that my communication style, which is rather direct and low context, is not universally applicable and better than others. With knowledge of high context awareness, collectivist values, and face saving, I am able to communicate with Costa Rican counterparts being more patient, more smiley, slower and giving priority to the relations rather than speed or efficiency. Such careful approach will prevent any ethnocentrism, the judgment of another culture based on the norms of your own. In this way, the video helps me not only to learn about different communication styles but also become a better communicator when I deal with people who have a different worldview.

Works Cited

National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI.

Wrench, Jason S., Natalie M. Punyanunt-Carter, and Katherine S. Thweatt. Interpersonal Communication: A Mindful Approach to Relationships. Milne Open Textbooks, 2020, https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/32.

1

Annotated Bibliography

Tiffany Carroll

Professor Cathleen Kruska

Comp 120

October 4, 2026

Khukhlaev O, Novikova I and Chernaya A (2022) Interpersonal Mindfulness, Intergroup Anxiety, and Intercultural Communication Effectiveness Among International Students Studying in Russia. Front. Psychol. 13:841361. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841361 The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between interpersonal and intergroup aspects of mindfulness and communication competence in 337 international students in the Russian universities. The positive results regarding intercultural communication self-efficacy and anxiety were found to be linked to greater mindfulness. Their expertise is based on their work as university psychology researchers in the field of cross-cultural psychology and education and developmental psychology. These findings will be used as a basis to describe how to enhance respectful interactions with Costa Rican residents by focusing on tone, gestures, and personal presuppositions. Data analysis is performed with survey data from the other country, which provides a general frame and not direct evidence of the behavior of the Costa Rican.

National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI. This video captures pura vida in the presence of people and places from Costa Rica. Typical topics of conversation and joint work done in the market can serve as examples of verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and relationship building. National Geographic is a known documentary publisher but, while it uses a travel framework, it keeps the footage appealing, not a sample of the population. I will discuss the selected segment, 0:00-05:33, along with scholarly research, on respectful interaction. This segment will allow me to examine communication aspects that I consider high context, without assuming that all Costa Ricans are high-context communicators.

Osorno Fallas, R., & Solano Brenes, V. (2023). Sonidos del Pura Vida: Narrativas expandidas desde los territorios [Sounds of Pura Vida: Expanded narratives from the territories]. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación, (187), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.18682/cdc.vi187.9478 This article outlines a sound-mapping project for the nation of Costa Rica, which gathered over 400 sounds across seven provinces in both an academic fieldwork and citizens' participation context. The sound recordings come from markets, oral practices, ordinary life, and natural settings, and they reflect the manifestation of culture and cultural places. The sound recordings represent markets, oral practices, the environment, and daily life, and their voices reflect culture and cultural places. Osorno Fallas is a digital communication researcher for the Universidad Estatal a Distancia in Costa Rica and Solano Brenes is a historian and educator with graduate studies in history and museum communication. I am choosing this source because I will use the recordings to understand how the video portrays the local market, setting, and various cultures in the country. It is focusing on regional variations, which will enable me to avoid assumptions and stereotypes and think of all the Costa Ricans as having regional communication styles.

Wang, C., Wu, S. Y., Nie, Y. Z., Cui, G. Y., & Hou, X. Y. (2022). Open-mindedness trait affects the development of intercultural communication competence in short-term overseas study programs: a mixed-method exploration. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03281-2 This mixed-methods study explores open-mindedness and intercultural communication ability in 32 Australian health care students participating in international placements. The questionnaire results correlated open-mindedness with advances in skills in cultural communication; the interviews, however, pointed to active cultural immersion and readiness to learn. University researchers in health and education, the authors supported their findings with surveys and interviews in a peer-reviewed study. I will draw on this research to describe how inquiry and polite engagement might allow visitors to learn about Costa Rican worldviews rather than judge them through common preconceptions. The small sample and self-reported metrics limit generalization, thus I will relate the findings to my proposed communication technique rather than making assertions about Costa Rica.

Wrench, J. S., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (2020). Interpersonal communication: A mindful approach to relationships. Milne Open Textbooks. https://milneopentextbooks.org/interpersonal-communication-a-mindful-approach-to-relationships/ This COM 120 textbook explores interpersonal communication in a “mindful” way: noticing the assumptions one must make and paying attention to others. It is written by experts in communication education at universities, lending credibility to the authors due to their professional relationships and research. I will include Chapter 6 (section 6.3) for the high-context communication, collectivism, and face-negotiation theory. Rather than giving just any statistics about Costa Rica, I will use these points on specific interactions with the videos. In response to this discussion, I will reflect on how to communicate respectfully across different worldviews, considering the concept of ethnocentrism and stereotyping.

References

Khukhlaev O, Novikova I and Chernaya A (2022) Interpersonal Mindfulness, Intergroup Anxiety, and Intercultural Communication Effectiveness Among International Students Studying in Russia. Front. Psychol. 13:841361. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841361 National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI.

National Geographic. “Travel to Costa Rica & Experience Pura Vida.” YouTube, 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdSp3mrUTAI.

Osorno Fallas, R., & Solano Brenes, V. (2023). Sonidos del Pura Vida: Narrativas expandidas desde los territorios [Sounds of Pura Vida: Expanded narratives from the territories]. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación, (187), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.18682/cdc.vi187.9478

Wang, C., Wu, S. Y., Nie, Y. Z., Cui, G. Y., & Hou, X. Y. (2022). Open-mindedness trait affects the development of intercultural communication competence in short-term overseas study programs: a mixed-method exploration. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03281-2

Wrench, J. S., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (2020). Interpersonal communication: A mindful approach to relationships. Milne Open Textbooks. https://milneopentextbooks.org/interpersonal-communication-a-mindful-approach-to-relationships/