Cognitive Development from Childhood through Adolescence

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Cognitive Development from Childhood Through Adolescence

Shalonte Cross

Southern New Hampshire University

PSY 322: Adolescent Development

Professor Emily Garcia

March 31, 2024

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Black, M., & Adjei, N. K. (2022). Longitudinal analysis of cognitive development across

childhood and adolescence: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. The

Lancet, 400, S23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02233-4

Black and Adjei (2022) implemented a longitudinal study, using data from UK

Millennium Cohort Study, to estimate cognitive development trajectories across the childhood

and early teenage years. They identified four trajectories: early childhood cognitive concerns,

late childhood cognitive problems, persistent cognitive problems, and low cognitive

problems. They found out that economic issues including growing poverty, low maternal

education, and low parental engagement at school are connected to cognitive issues at all

ages. Similarly, gender, ethnicity, experienced bullying, parents reading habits, and school

enjoyment act as different variables felt to influence cognitive development trajectories as a way

of finding areas of intervention.

Kent, G., Pitsia, V., & Colton, G. (2018). Cognitive development during early childhood:

Insights from families living in areas of socio-economic disadvantage. Early Child

Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1543665

Kent et al. (2018) examined cognitive development of children in early age, especially of

those who grow up in socially deprived community in Ireland. Part of a randomized controlled

trial, their study involving 126 four-year-old children suggested several factors that could be

predictors of child cognitive development. It was revealed that among these factors, gender,

breastfeeding attempts, home income level, and intervention intensity were highly significant

determinants of cognitive scores. Such results signify that actions and policies designed to deal

with social-economic inequalities tend to have as a consequence the improvement of cognitive

outcomes to achieve during early childhood.

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Lima, R. A., Soares, F. C., van Poppel, M., Savinainen, S., Mäntyselkä, A., Haapala, E. A., &

Lakka, T. (2022). Determinants of cognitive performance in children and adolescents: A

populational longitudinal study. International journal of environmental research and

public health, 19(15), 8955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158955

Lima et al. (2022) implemented a longitudinal study of large population samples in order

to understand the factors involved with cognitive performance in children and youth. They found

it by studying 502 young people from the ages 8 and 12, 437 from 12 to 14, and 277 from 14 to

18; the prevalence of lifestyle factors, such as physical fitness activities and cognitive

engagement for example, reading and playing music, had a positive effect on cognitive

performance. First, of all, maternal factors as preeclampsia and some lifestyle activities for

example watching TV, diminished the cognitive outcomes. This study highlights the role of these

lifestyle choices and physical activities in shaping intellectual development as children grow and

become teens.

Cozzani, M., Aradhya, S., & Goisis, A. (2021). The cognitive development from childhood to

adolescence of low birthweight children born after medically assisted reproduction—a

UK longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(5), 1514-1523.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab009

Cozzani et al. (2021) examined low birthweight infants who were conceived by

medically assisted reproduction (MAR) versus naturally conceived infants by investigating their

cognitive development. The researchers based their data on UK Millennium Cohort Study, which

showed that MAR low BW children have the same cognitive ability as naturally conceived

children of non-low birthweight in age range from early age to adulthood. Nevertheless, given

that we measured family socio-demographics together with cognitive test scores, cognitive

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differences between MAR low birthweight children and other groups turned out to be less. The

fact that MAR children harbored better socioeconomic backgrounds may have cushioned the

brain development problems brought about by low birthweight.

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References

Black, M., & Adjei, N. K. (2022). Longitudinal analysis of cognitive development across

childhood and adolescence: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. The

Lancet, 400, S23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02233-4

Cozzani, M., Aradhya, S., & Goisis, A. (2021). The cognitive development from childhood to

adolescence of low birthweight children born after medically assisted reproduction—a

UK longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(5), 1514-1523.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab009

Kent, G., Pitsia, V., & Colton, G. (2018). Cognitive development during early childhood:

Insights from families living in areas of socio-economic disadvantage. Early Child

Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1543665

Lima, R. A., Soares, F. C., van Poppel, M., Savinainen, S., Mäntyselkä, A., Haapala, E. A., &

Lakka, T. (2022). Determinants of cognitive performance in children and adolescents: A

populational longitudinal study. International journal of environmental research and

public health, 19(15), 8955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158955

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Literature Review

Shalonte Cross

Southern New Hampshire University

PSY 322: Adolescent Development

Professor Emily Garcia

April 13, 2024

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Article: Clergé, O. (2023). Intersectionality Matters: Black Women, Labor, and

Households in Black Suburbia. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social

Sciences, 9(1), 86–103.

I retrieved this article by searching via the academic site with Google Scholar. The

online databases allow me to find the peer-reviewed journals and scholarly articles I

require. Red Sage Foundation is a well-known publishing company, whose routine peer

reviews and the rigorous selection process guarantee the reliability of the articles presented

by them. Moreover, the article draws on a variety of academic references and

carriesiziaukegittaElection reforms are critical for ensuring public confidence and

participation in the democratic process.

The article is directed towards central concerns involving the social and housing

structures of the Black diaspora, focusing on the Black women who are key in maintaining

their families and community. Yes, this is indeed a serious issue as it contradicts the images

that are used to portray the suburban way of life to the outside world and casts a light on the

shadowy side of the Black suburban families' living conditions. The topics of intersectionality

ideas, household composition, and social cost discussions have been of great help throughout

the study so they are very pertinent to the course material.

The article that the author wrote is based on a variety of sources, such as scholastic

and research issues as well as data from surveys. The article takes its basis from the firsthand

experience of the researcher who participated in fieldwork which enriched the work itself.

Some in-depth methods of data collection include talk-show-like interviews with Black

women living in the suburbs. Herein lies the raw knowledge and an honest voice from the

insides.

The outcome of this research reveals how both the conventional family structure and

the economic strategies employed by Black women are not narrow, but flexible in suburb

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dwellers. The article stresses the necessity of creating Policies and help systems that will be

able to cater to the special needs of black neighborhoods facing a lot of health and economic

challenges.

In general, the article seems to be trustworthy and reliable and can be associated with

a reputable journal, through the use of rigorous research methods, and engages the scholars.

Remember, it is well-structured, composed in the appropriate sequence, and expressive,

which makes it suitable for the process of comparing and analyzing in a learning place. Yet,

similar to other research reports, it may have limits that need to be addressed such as the

precision of the sample size or the ability for generalization which should be taken into

account when considering the findings.

Article: Billups, S., Thelamour, B., Thibodeau, P., & Durgin, F. H. (2022). On

intersectionality: visualizing the invisibility of Black women. Cognitive Research:

Principles and Implications, 7(1), 100.

The study, as evidenced in the excerpt, is of significant importance in that it reveals

how intricate the issue of intersectionality becomes when all sorts of gender and race

stereotypes are put into one. For example, a Black woman is invisible because of the double

effect of race and gender projection. This underpinned the researchers' assignment to examine

how perceptions of social order are associated with a semantic difference when it comes to

the different combinations of race and gender. The research results revealed that this

intersection has a complex model and is the main factor that is used in creating societal

judgments. The component of race and gender demonstrated what was initially hypothesized

for the evaluative and potency categories, while the combination of black female identities

could not produce the expected effects. This could be interpreted as a situation where Negro

women and women in general have been wronged such that it leads to erasure of both

identities, therefore reducing black females to invisibility as a group in the society, by

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people's negative perceptions of women and black individuals. Such observation focuses on

the niche and hardships observed by African-American women who are continually silenced

and oppressed on both the societal biases and stereotypes front and throws light on the reason

why this should have intersectionality in mind when analyzing social perceptions and

stereotypes.

This study further gives an understanding that participants' background, such as

race/gender, can be attributed to the way they see the community judging. The results

indicate that black participants and women manifest stronger susceptibility to societal bias in

case of showing a racial difference between the two and gender differentiations in expressing

positive or negative feelings less likely to be able to achieve leadership status. This indicates

that the person who will perform analysis should take into account individuals' experiences

and their views while studying the role of intersectionality in social perceptions. The

customization of participant characteristics in analytical processes has made the study

multifaceted, allowing us to know the trend of each group of society by biased perception

better.

To sum up, the study will contribute to the growing research on intersectionality

through evidence collection on the racial and gender-related challenges encountered by an

individual with other marginalized identities. The study that brought to light the gap in

scholarship on the gender invisibility of African-American women by situating this

phenomenon in the context of widespread socio-cultural stereotypes exemplifies that there's a

growing need to use comprehensive versions to understand and confront institutional

inequalities. In the future, more research spaces can be built that will explore other areas on

the formation of another layer or layers of intersectionality. On top of that, future scholars

can be challenged to design awareness and intervention programs that are aimed at making it

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easy for individuals to put an end to the proliferation of stereotypes, while concurrently

opening up social spaces for everyone to feel accepted and included.

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References

Billups, S., Thelamour, B., Thibodeau, P., & Durgin, F. H. (2022). On intersectionality:

visualizing the invisibility of Black women. Cognitive Research: Principles and

Implications, 7(1), 100.

Clergé, O. (2023). Intersectionality Matters: Black Women, Labor, and Households in Black

Suburbia. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 9(1), 86–

103.