Chemistry
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files (2)4B_Atoms_and_Elements_II.pdf
4C_Ion__Isotopes__and_Atomic_Mass.pdf
4B_Atoms_and_Elements_II.pdf
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ATOMS AND ELEMENTS (II) CHEMACTIVITY 4B
MODEL 1: WHAT DEFINES AN ELEMENT? Element Symbol Number of Protons silicon Si 14 phosphorus P 15 potassium K gold Au 79 Sb
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Write the symbol for the element silicon. 2. Write the symbol for the element phosphorus. 3. Write the symbols for the element potassium. 4. Describe the relationship between the name of an element and its symbol.
5. When the name of an element is written in a sentence, is it capitalized? How do you know?
6. Describe the proper use of capitalization for element symbols.
7. Refer to a periodic table of the elements. What is the name of the element with the symbol Sb? Add it to the table.
8. How many protons are there in silicon? Gold?
9. Refer to a periodic table of the elements. Using a complete sentence, describe how to find the number of protons for an element.
10. How many protons are there in potassium? Antimony? Add them to the table.
11. A certain element has eight protons. What element is it?
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12. Which particle determines the identity of an element: electron, proton, or neutron?
13. A mad scientist claims to have discovered a new form of carbon that has seven protons. How would you respond?
INFORMATION The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of an element. This is also called the atomic number and is listed in the periodic table along with the element name and symbol.
MODEL 2: WHICH ONES ARE THE METALS?
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 14. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and At are all metalloids. Shade them in with the appropriate shading.
15. According to your daily experience, are copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) metals or nonmetals (circle one)? Find these elements on the periodic table, and shade everything on that side of the metalloids appropriately.
16. Shade everything to the right of the metalloids appropriately.
17. Hydrogen is exceptional in several ways. One of them is that it is a nonmetal. Fix the shading on hydrogen.
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MODEL 3: ALL IN THE FAMILY One of the useful aspects of the periodic table is that it groups together elements that have similar properties and chemical reactivities.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 18. Each item in the following list is a family of elements that shows similar properties. Find the
example elements in the periodic table above. Determine the pattern in the table, and use the pattern to clearly label each family.
a. Noble gases: xenon (Xe), helium (He), argon (Ar) b. Alkali metals: sodium (Na), potassium (K), lithium (Li). Note: do not include H. c. Lanthanides: cerium (Ce), holmium (Ho), ytterbium (Yb) d. Halogens: fluorine (F), iodine (I), chlorine (Cl) e. Alkaline earth metals: calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), magnesium (Mg) f. Transition metals: titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), iridium (Ir), mercury (Hg),
ruthenium (Ru) g. Actinides: uranium (U), berkelium (Bk), plutonium (Pu)
19. Identify the family for each of the following: rubidium (Rb) vanadium (V) bromine (Br) neon (Ne) strontium (Sr)
INFORMATION It is very useful to know the names and symbols of many of the elements. For example, in an introductory chemistry course you will frequently encounter the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, the noble gases, and all other elements from hydrogen to krypton. Ask your instructor for specific memorization expectations for your class.
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4C_Ion__Isotopes__and_Atomic_Mass.pdf
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IONS, ISOTOPES, AND ATOMIC MASS CHEMACTIVITY 4C
MODEL 1: HOW MANY ELECTRONS? The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of an element. This number (the atomic number) is listed above the element symbol in the periodic table. The charge on the electron is -‐1 and the charge on the proton is +1.
Atom or Ion Number of Protons Number of Electrons Charge Mg 12 12 0 Mg2+ 12 10 2+ F 9 0 F-‐ 1-‐ 11 10
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. How many protons are there in a magnesium atom (Mg)? In the magnesium ion, Mg2+?
2. What is the total charge of all the protons (just the protons) in a magnesium ion?
3. What is the total charge of all the electrons (just the electrons) in a magnesium ion?
4. Why is the charge on the magnesium ion 2+?
5. How many protons are in a neutral fluorine atom, F?
6. For a fluorine atom to have a neutral charge, how many electrons must it have? Explain your answer and add it to the table above.
7. How many protons are in a fluoride ion? Add it to the table above.
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8. For a fluoride ion to have a charge of 1-‐, how many electrons must it have? Explain your answer and add it to the table above.
9. Using a complete sentence, explain, in terms of electrons and protons, when something will be an ion and when it will be a neutral atom.
10. Define ion.
11. How is the charge indicated in an ion’s symbol?
12. Write a formula for the charge of an ion if it has NP protons and Ne electrons.
Ion Charge =
13. A certain ion has 11 protons and 10 electrons. What is the charge? What is the symbol? (You may need a periodic table.) Add your answers to the table above.
MODEL 2: IS THE CHARGE PREDICTABLE? The following periodic table contains the symbols for elements that almost always form ions with the same charge. (Some charges have been intentionally left off.)
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 14. The charge for an ion formed from a lithium atom (Li) is always the same. What is the
correct symbol for the lithium ion?
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15. What is the correct symbol for the ion formed from a potassium (K) atom?
16. The charge for the sodium (Na) ion has been omitted from the periodic table above. Based on the pattern, what should it be? Add it to the table.
17. Based on the patterns you observe for other groups, add the correct ion charges for O, F, and Mg.
18. Neon has 10 protons and does not form an ion. It occurs on the periodic table immediately to the right of fluorine. Add it to the table above.
19. How many electrons does a neutral neon atom have?
20. A neutral oxygen atom has eight electrons. How many electrons does O2-‐ have?
21. How does the number of electrons in an oxygen ion compare to the number of electrons in neon, the nearest noble gas?
22. A neutral magnesium atom has 12 electrons. How many electrons does Mg2+ have?
23. How does the number of electrons in a magnesium ion compare to the number of electrons in neon, the nearest noble gas? (Note that you have to go left and up a row to get to the nearest noble gas in this case.)
24. In a complete sentence, describe why the ions in the periodic table above all have the charges they do.
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MODEL 3: WHAT ABOUT THE NEUTRONS? A scientist made a careful study of carbon atoms. Surprisingly, they did not all weigh the same. Here are the results of the investigation.
Mass of one atom (amu) Carbon Type 1 12.0 Carbon Type 2 13.0
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 25. How many protons are there in a carbon atom?
26. Approximately how much does one proton weigh in amu?
27. A mad scientist proposes that Type 2 carbon has more protons. How would you respond?
28. Another mad scientist proposes that Type 2 carbon has more electrons. How would you respond?
29. What particle, other than protons and electrons, might be making the types of carbon weigh different amounts?
30. If every carbon atom has six protons, and each proton weighs almost exactly 1 amu, how much mass in Type 1 carbon is unaccounted for?
31. Recall that a neutron weighs almost exactly 1 amu. How many neutrons are there in Type 1 carbon?
32. How many neutrons are there in Type 2 carbon?
INFORMATION Atoms of the same element that have different masses and therefore different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. The mass of each isotope is called its mass number. Different isotopes are indicated by their mass number. For example, Type 1 carbon in the experiment above is actually carbon-‐12. Type 2 carbon is carbon-‐13.
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MODEL 4: HOW MUCH DOES IT WEIGH? The scientist didn’t just weigh the atoms. She counted them.
Mass of one atom (amu) Number of atoms Carbon Type 1 12.00 989 Carbon Type 2 13.00 11
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 33. How many total atoms did she count?
34. What was the total mass of all the carbon-‐12 atoms?
35. What was the total mass of all the carbon-‐13 atoms?
36. What was the total mass of all the atoms?
37. What is the average mass of carbon in this sample?
38. Is this number on the periodic table? (It may be rounded off.) Where?
39. The number under chlorine (Cl) is 35.45. Does that mean that every chlorine atom weighs 35.45 amu? What does it mean?
INFORMATION Many elements have several naturally occurring isotopes. The atomic mass listed in the periodic table is the average of all the isotopes in a naturally occurring sample.
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