Chapter 3 Anatomy and Research Methods-psychology 3322
True / False
1. Neurons that directly convey messages to muscles and glands are part of the central nervous system.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Understand
REFERENCES:
Terminology to Describe the Nervous System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.02 - Describe the principal functions of certain brain areas.
TOPICS:
3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
2. The elbow is more distal to the shoulder than the hand.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
3. Cell bodies of motor neurons are located outside of the spinal cord.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
4. The parasympathetic nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Parasympathetic neurons use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
a.
True
b.
False
TOPICS:
3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
6. The hindbrain consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
7. Some cranial nerves include both sensory and motor components.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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8. Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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9. The limbic system is important for motivation and emotional behaviors.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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10. Although relatively small, the hypothalamus is very important for a large range of motivated behaviors.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.02 - Describe the principal functions of certain brain areas.
TOPICS:
3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
11. The choroid plexus reabsorbs the cerebrospinal fluid.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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12. Damage to the right hemisphere of the cortex will most likely cause loss of sensory or motor control on the left side of the body.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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13. Damage to the striate cortex of the right hemisphere causes blindness in the left visual field.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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14. The prefrontal cortex is important for working memory.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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15. Many cells in association areas of the brain respond to more than one sensory modality.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
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Multiple Choice
16. The central nervous system is composed of the ____.
a.
brain and spinal cord
b.
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord exclusively
c.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
d.
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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17. Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system.
a.
peripheral
b.
central
c.
sympathetic
d.
dorsal
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18. Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?
a.
autonomic
b.
sympathetic
c.
somatic
d.
parasympathetic
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19. The somatic nervous system carries signals from the ____ and is part of the ____.
a.
senses; central nervous system
b.
organs; autonomic nervous system
c.
organs; sympathetic nervous system
d.
senses; peripheral nervous system
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20. Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
a.
internal
b.
afferent
c.
somatic
d.
autonomic
21. Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
a.
coronal
b.
sagittal
c.
horizontal
d.
transverse
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22. Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
a.
coronal
b.
sagittal
c.
horizontal
d.
commuter
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23. If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
a.
medial
b.
lateral
c.
ipsilateral
d.
contralateral
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24. The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies that are lateral to the.
a.
meninges
b.
hippocampus
c.
hypothalamus
d.
thalamus
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25. The spinal cord communicates with ____.
a.
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
b.
all sense organs and muscles in the human body
c.
the dorsal root ganglia only
d.
the ventral root ganglia only
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26. The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.
a.
sensory nuclei
b.
sensory clusters
c.
ventral root ganglia
d.
dorsal root ganglia
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27. After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
a.
sensation from the affected body area
b.
control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
c.
control of organs in the affected body area
d.
sensation of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
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28. After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
a.
sensation from the affected body area
b.
control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
c.
control of organs in the affected body area
d.
sensation of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
ANSWER:
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29. Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the ____.
a.
spinal cord
b.
dorsal root ganglia
c.
white matter
d.
ventral roots
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30. Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in ____.
a.
gray matter
b.
white matter
c.
the dorsal roots
d.
the tracts
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31. Where would you find the dorsal root ganglia?
a.
at the base of the brain
b.
in the gray matter of the spinal cord
c.
in the white matter of the spinal cord
d.
outside, but near, the spinal cord
ANSWER:
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32. A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ____.
a.
densely packed with myelinated axons
b.
composed mostly of unmyelinated axons
c.
densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
d.
composed only of dendrites
ANSWER:
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33. Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
a.
sympathetic
b.
somatic
c.
parasympathetic
d.
peripheral
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34. The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that constrict blood vessels have input from only the ____ nervous system.
a.
sympathetic
b.
parasympathetic
c.
central
d.
dorsal root
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35. You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your ____.
a.
parasympathetic nervous system
b.
sympathetic nervous system
c.
somatic nervous system
d.
immune system
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36. Sympathetic ganglia ____.
a.
are located inside the spinal cord
b.
act more independently than do parasympathetic ganglia
c.
are closely linked and often act as a single system
d.
have short postganglionic fibers extending to internal organs
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37. Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
a.
the central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system
b.
voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
c.
arousal; relaxation
d.
neurotransmitters; hormones
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38. The parasympathetic nervous system has ____.
a.
long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons
b.
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
c.
short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
d.
short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons
39. Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
a.
dopamine
b.
serotonin
c.
acetylcholine
d.
norepinephrine
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40. Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.
a.
the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic synapses
b.
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
c.
intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord
d.
intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus
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41. Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
a.
serotonin; dopamine
b.
dopamine; serotonin
c.
acetylcholine; norepinephrine
d.
norepinephrine; acetylcholine
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42. Which structure consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
a.
hindbrain
b.
reticular formation
c.
midbrain
d.
forebrain
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43. The term rhombencephalon refers to the ____.
a.
brainstem
b.
hindbrain
c.
midbrain
d.
forebrain
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44. What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
a.
limbic system
b.
thalamus
c.
brain stem
d.
cerebellum
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45. The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it ____.
a.
developed later in evolution
b.
is contained in the skull
c.
develops from a separate group of neurons
d.
is composed only of interneurons
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46. Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
a.
medulla
b.
thalamus
c.
cerebellum
d.
pons
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47. As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
a.
midbrain
b.
forebrain
c.
medulla
d.
cerebellum
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48. The medulla controls a number of reflexes through ____.
a.
the midbrain
b.
the forebrain
c.
cranial nerves
d.
skeletal nerves
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49. How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
a.
8
b.
10
c.
12
d.
16
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50. The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the ____.
a.
cerebral cortex
b.
hypothalamus
c.
midbrain
d.
pons and medulla
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51. The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the ____.
a.
midbrain and forebrain
b.
hindbrain
c.
pons and medulla
d.
spinal cord
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52. Vision is to ____ as hearing is to ____.
a.
cranial nerve I; cranial nerve X
b.
cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
c.
cranial nerve II; cranial nerve V
d.
cranial nerve IV; cranial nerve VIII
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53. The reticular formation is contained within the ____.
a.
brain stem
b.
spinal cord
c.
raphe system
d.
cerebellum
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54. The ascending portion of the reticular formation ____.
a.
controls the motor areas of the spinal cord
b.
is responsible for the eye muscles
c.
controls the motor areas of the brain
d.
increases arousal and attention
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55. Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex?
a.
nucleus basilis
b.
reticular formation
c.
spinal cord
d.
amygdala
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56. The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
a.
hunger
b.
temperature
c.
olfaction
d.
movement
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57. Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ____.
a.
coordinating information from left and right hemispheres
b.
focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs
c.
interpreting visual stimuli
d.
coordinating the release of hormones
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58. In addition to problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum will likely have problems with ____.
a.
reflexive changes in heart rate
b.
shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
c.
amnesia
d.
rational decision-making
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59. In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
a.
midbrain
b.
hindbrain
c.
reticular formation
d.
forebrain
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60. Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
a.
vision; hearing
b.
taste; smell
c.
vision; touch
d.
touch; hearing
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61. What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
a.
dopamine
b.
serotonin
c.
norepinephrine
d.
acetylcholine
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62. A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What term refers to this group of structures?
a.
limbic system
b.
reticular formation
c.
tegmentum
d.
basal ganglia
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63. The limbic system is most related to ____.
a.
emotional behaviors
b.
motor coordination
c.
coordination between the eyes and ears
d.
perception of three-dimensional objects
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64. One function of the thalamus is to ____.
a.
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
b.
regulate sleep cycles
c.
direct the secretions of the hypothalamus
d.
moderate emotional outbursts
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65. Which structure provides the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
a.
limbic system
b.
medulla
c.
thalamus
d.
hypothalamus
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66. Olfactory information is processed by the ____.
a.
thalamus via the olfactory bulbs
b.
cortex via the olfactory bulbs
c.
spinal cord
d.
medulla
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67. An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
a.
midbrain
b.
hippocampus
c.
hypothalamus
d.
cerebellum
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68. The hindbrain consists of the ____.
a.
tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation
b.
thalamus and hypothalamus
c.
spinal cord and cranial nerves
d.
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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69. By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the ____.
a.
pituitary gland
b.
thalamus
c.
retina
d.
ventricles
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70. Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
a.
thymus gland
b.
pineal gland
c.
pineal gland
d.
pituitary gland
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71. The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones ____.
a.
to the outside of the body
b.
to the thalamus
c.
into the bloodstream
d.
to the hypothalamus
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72. Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
a.
thalamus
b.
basal ganglia
c.
limbic system
d.
reticular formation
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73. Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in ____.
a.
a movement disorder
b.
problems with visual perception
c.
problems with auditory perception
d.
a loss of pain sensation
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74. The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain’s system for ____.
a.
emotional response
b.
attention
c.
visual perception
d.
auditory perception
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75. The hippocampus plays a major role in ____.
a.
innate sexual behavior
b.
temperature regulation
c.
memory
d.
secretion of hormones
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76. An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the ____.
a.
fornix
b.
hypothalamus
c.
hippocampus
d.
nucleus basalis
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77. The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all ____.
a.
part of the forebrain
b.
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
c.
involved in cognitive functioning
d.
filled with blood
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78. The choroid plexus ____.
a.
cushions the brain
b.
protects the brain from infection
c.
is another name for the ventricles
d.
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
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79. Meningitis is an inflammation of the ____.
a.
cerebrospinal fluid
b.
glia
c.
membranes surrounding the brain
d.
medulla oblongata
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80. Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called ____.
a.
CSF
b.
ventricles
c.
meninges
d.
hydrocephali
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81. A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to ____.
a.
cushion the brain
b.
hold blood in reserve for emergencies
c.
maintain the blood-brain barrier
d.
synthesize neurotransmitters
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82. What causes hydrocephalus?
a.
poorly developed skull bones in an infant
b.
interruption of blood flow to the brain around the time of birth
c.
obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
d.
damage to one of the cranial nerves
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83. Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ____ side.
a.
contralateral; ipsilateral
b.
ipsilateral; contralateral
c.
ipsilateral; ipsilateral
d.
contralateral; contralateral
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84. What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?
a.
They both produce CSF.
b.
They both connect the two hemispheres.
c.
They are made up of gray matter.
d.
They each have six laminae.
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85. Which statement is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?
a.
All cortical areas contain six layers.
b.
Odd numbered laminae contain only neurons; even numbered laminae contain only glia.
c.
The laminae vary in thickness in different areas.
d.
Each layer corresponds to a different sensory modality.
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86. If you could selectively damage the individual laminae of the cortex, damage to which layer would most likely affect visual sensation?
a.
Layer IV of the temporal cortex
b.
Layer V of the occipital cortex
87. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
a.
occipital
b.
parietal
c.
temporal
d.
frontal
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3.2 The Cerebral Cortex
88. Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of ____.
a.
any part of the cortex
b.
the occipital cortex
c.
the parietal cortex
d.
the central sulcus
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89. Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch?
a.
occipital lobe
b.
parietal lobe
c.
temporal lobe
d.
frontal lobe
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90. The ____ monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.
a.
parietal lobe
b.
occipital lobe
c.
central sulcus
d.
precentral gyrus
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
TOPICS:
91. What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?
a.
primary somatosensory cortex
b.
occipital lobe
c.
central sulcus
d.
precentral gyrus
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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3.2 The Cerebral Cortex
92. Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
a.
parietal lobe
b.
temporal lobe
c.
frontal lobe
d.
corpus callosum
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93. What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?
a.
occipital
b.
parietal
c.
temporal
d.
frontal
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94. Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?
a.
occipital
b.
parietal
c.
frontal
d.
temporal
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95. Which lobe contributes most to the perception of movement and recognition of faces?
a.
occipital lobe
b.
parietal lobe
c.
temporal lobe
d.
frontal lobe
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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3.2 The Cerebral Cortex
96. The precentral gyrus is essential for the ____.
a.
control of fine movements
b.
coordination between vision and hearing
c.
regulation of emotions
d.
attention to hunger and thirst
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97. The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the ____.
a.
thalamus
b.
prefrontal cortex
c.
striate cortex
d.
parietal lobe
ANSWER:
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98. Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.
a.
are larger in size
b.
have more dendritic spines
c.
have greater velocities of action potentials
d.
are more sensitive to light
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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99. Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to ____.
a.
restore memory
b.
restrain prisoners
c.
treat severe obesity
d.
treat severe psychiatric disorders
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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TOPICS:
100. The prefrontal cortex is important for ____.
a.
the processing of visual information
b.
working memory
c.
language acquisition
d.
recognizing faces
ANSWER:
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101. If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may ____.
a.
have difficulty remembering where s/he just placed the keys
b.
sleep 18-22 hours per day
c.
have impaired vision
d.
lose all memory of faces for at least six months
ANSWER:
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102. The "binding problem" is the issue of how we ____.
a.
convert sensory information into a pattern that produces movement
b.
perceive visual, auditory and other aspects of a stimulus as a single object
c.
transfer information between the left and right hemispheres
d.
communicate between word comprehension and word production areas of the brain
ANSWER:
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103. The large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of ____.
a.
getting the different parts of the brain to physically connect during development
b.
understanding how neurons work
c.
knowing how the areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception
d.
how more than one person can perceive the same object at the same time
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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TOPICS:
104. Which statement is TRUE of the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?
a.
They have primary control over processes of thinking and reasoning.
b.
They are best described as additional sensory areas.
c.
They form associations between touch and hearing.
d.
They integrate information from more than one sensory system.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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TOPICS:
105. People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ____
a.
hearing sounds
b.
locating objects in space
c.
remembering past events
d.
speaking
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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106. Computerized axial tomography creates an image from ____.
a.
microwaves
b.
infrared rays
c.
x-rays
d.
gamma rays
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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TOPICS:
107. Suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing. Which method would be the best choice?
a.
CAT
b.
fMRI
c.
PET
d.
rCBF
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
TOPICS:
3.3 Research Methods
108. An electroencephalograph measures ____.
a.
action potentials in an individual neuron
b.
the electrical resistance of hair
c.
the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain
d.
the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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109. Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n) ____.
a.
CAT scan
b.
MRI
c.
EEG
d.
PET scan
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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TOPICS:
3.3 Research Methods
110. Which method is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?
a.
fMRI
b.
PET
c.
CAT
d.
magnetic stimulation
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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111. Which technique is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?
a.
PET
b.
rCBF
c.
MRI
d.
fMRI
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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112. A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for ____.
a.
placing an electrode in the brain
b.
assessing regional blood flow
c.
testing reflexes
d.
measuring blood pressure
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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113. How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation?
a.
Brain activation results from long, intense magnetic stimulation.
b.
Brain inactivation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation.
c.
Brain inactivation results as the magnets are simply reversed.
d.
Brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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114. Thus far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with IQ in humans is the ____.
a.
volume of the hippocampus
b.
brain-to-body ratio
c.
brain weight
d.
amount of gray matter
ANSWER:
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115. Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____.
a.
hippocampus
b.
temporal lobe
c.
frontal lobe
d.
gray matter
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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Essay
116. Organize the following divisions of the nervous system in a hierarchy to show the relationships between them: central, peripheral, autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
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117. Name and describe two different methods for measuring brain function (not anatomy).
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
REFERENCES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.0 5 - Cite examples of several methods for studying the relationship between brain activity and behavior.
TOPICS:
3.3 Research Methods
118. Describe the basic anatomy and function of the spinal cord.
ANSWER:
segment, the brain loses sensation from that segment and below. The brain also loses motor control over all parts of the body served by that segment and the lower ones.
DIFFICULTY:
Bloom’s: Analyze
REFERENCES:
The Spinal Cord
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.02 - Describe the principal functions of certain brain areas.
TOPICS:
3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
119. Describe the basic functions and components of the autonomic nervous system.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
REFERENCES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.02 - Describe the principal functions of certain brain areas.
TOPICS:
3.1 Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
120. Briefly describe the main categories of methods for studying brain function.
ANSWER:
DIFFICULTY:
REFERENCES:
Recording Brain Activity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KALA.BIOP.16.03.0 5 - Cite examples of several methods for studying the relationship between brain activity and behavior.
TOPICS:
3.3 Research Methods
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