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Health Promotion Proposal, Part 1

Florida National University

Health Promotion & Role Development in Adv. Nursing Practice

Dr. Nora Hernandez-Pupo

January 27, 2026

Health Promotion Proposal, Part 1

Adolescent Mental Health and Suicide Prevention

The Health Problem

Adolescent mental health is a severe public health emergency in the United States of America, and suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents (10-24 years of age). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) alleges that in the year 2021, more than 42% of high school students reported feeling sad or hopeless constantly, an increase of 40 percent compared to the last decade. Adolescents (12-17 years old) visiting the EDs with suspected suicide attempts in the COVID-19 pandemic have grown 51 percent over the pre-COVID-19 years. Approximately one out of five teenagers has a diagnosable mental health problem, but only half can be treated. The particular components in this health promotion program that will be addressed include early detection of mental health issues and promoting more preventive measures in vulnerable adolescents in schools. The suggested objective is the reduction of suicidal ideation by 30 percent and the improvement of mental health service uptake by 40 percent among attending adolescents in a year of school.

Vulnerable Population

Adolescents are a vulnerable population with mental health problems because of environmental, social, and developmental risk factors. Homosexuals in youth are at a disproportionately high risk, posing a serious thought of suicide within the past year, as reported by Suarez (2024). Other disadvantages are racial minorities, where suicide rates among Black adolescents rose by 73% between 2001 and 2017, and the rate among American Indian/ Alaska Native youth was almost twofold the national average during the same period. The lack of access to mental health services leads to greater vulnerability, as adolescents from low-income families are vulnerable due to their socioeconomic disadvantage. The various risk factors that have been evidenced are academic pressure, exposure to social media, bullying, parents quarrelling with each other, and social isolation. A large-scale development of the emotional regulation areas takes place in the adolescent brain, which makes it more vulnerable to mental health disorders. Mental health stigma deters help-seeking patterns, and the lack of resources in schools paves the way to limited early intervention.

Evidence-Based Interventions: Literature Review

To inform policymaking, the results of the systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of childhood mental disorders in high-income countries provided by Barican et al. (2022) are to be reviewed. In this extensive research paper, data from 14 countries were analyzed, and concluded that about 14 percent of kids and teenagers are vulnerable to mental health issues, with anxiety disorders and depressive disorders being the most common. The authors highlighted the factors that contributed to a positive outcome of the universal school-based screening programs as well as early intervention services. The rigorous methodology and large sample size give the study both strength with regard to its quality as a source of robust evidence on interventions on the population level. Nonetheless, the study considered only the high-income nations, which restricted its extrapolation to different socioeconomic environments.

Hoge et al. (2022) explore the use of emergency departments by children and youth with mental conditions through a health equity lens. They concluded that communities with easy access to mental health services provided by community care and support organizations will reduce emergency department visits by 35 percent and enhance long-term outcomes. The analysis of barriers at the system level revealed workforce deficiencies, insurance restrictions, and geographic variations that simply result in marginalized population groups being hit in the process disproportionately. The advantage of this study lies in its clear emphasis on health equity and recommendations that can be followed by the policy change. This can be limited by the fact that it is retrospective in nature and is mainly concentrated on urban areas, which may not include rural problems.

The assessment of these sources indicates very consistent evidence in favor of school-based mental screening and the availability of improved access to community services. The two studies have strong methodological rigor as both have huge samples and have thoroughly analysed data. Their combined results imply that multi-level interventions that include individual and institutional-oriented and policy-oriented factors are the most efficient. Examples of weaknesses are that few rural and low-resource areas are represented, little is explored about the sustainability of interventions, and little is explored about the specific to the culture. Also, both studies have not been able to cover the role of peer support programs or family involvement strategies in detail, which is an important gap in the current evidence base that needs filling by the research (Richter et al., 2022).

Theoretical Framework

The Social Ecological Model (SEM) is the best guiding model to follow in this comprehensive health promotion proposal in addressing the mental health of adolescents by considering the various levels of influence. The SEM was created by Bronfenbrenner and modified by McLeroy et al. to focus on the interactions of different factors and the impacts on health behaviors and outcomes using the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy-based approaches. The model identifies that, the adolescent mental health needs holistic approaches that focus on addressing the various ecological levels at the same time (Palmer et al., 2024).

On the individual level, the SEM outlines directions for interventions based on the development of personal coping strategies, emotional control, and help-seeking patterns, supported by evidence-based interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness training. The interpersonal level deals with family relationships, peer support groups, and student-teacher relationships that have a serious impact on the mental health of adolescents. The strategies used in the organization are universal screening in schools, mental health first aid among the staff, and developing referral channels into the community services. Some of the community-level interventions include decreasing stigma by conducting awareness campaigns among the community and increasing the availability of culturally responsive mental health services. At the policy level, there are campaigns to propose greater resources to mental health, as well as integration of mental health services into primary care and the education sector.

References

Barican, J. L., Yung, D., Schwartz, C., Zheng, Y., Georgiades, K., & Waddell, C. (2022). Prevalence of childhood mental disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform policymaking.  Evidence-based mental health25(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2021-300277

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Youth Risk Behavior Survey data summary & trends report: 2011-2021. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/yrbs/dstr/index.html

Hoge, M. A., Vanderploeg, J., Paris, M., Jr, Lang, J. M., & Olezeski, C. (2022). Emergency Department Use by Children and Youth with Mental Health Conditions: A Health Equity Agenda.  Community mental health journal58(7), 1225–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-00937-7

Palmer, R., Smith, B. J., Kite, J., & Phongsavan, P. (2024). The socio-ecological determinants of help-seeking practices and healthcare access among young men: a systematic review.  Health promotion international39(2), daae024. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daae024

Richter, A., Sjunnestrand, M., Romare Strandh, M., & Hasson, H. (2022). Implementing School-Based Mental Health Services: A Scoping Review of the Literature Summarizing the Factors That Affect Implementation.  International journal of environmental research and public health19(6), 3489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063489

Suarez, N. A., McKinnon, I. I., Krause, K. H., Rasberry, C. N., Pampati, S., & Michael Underwood, J. (2024). Disparities in behaviors and experiences among transgender and cisgender high school students - 18 U.S. states, 2021.  Annals of epidemiology94, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.05.004