Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

2

Diabetes Health Promotion Program

Elizabeth Gonzalez

Florida National university

NGR6636-Health Promotion & Role Development

Professor : Nora Hernandez-Pupo

September 7, 2023

The present proposal addressed diabetes, which is a rampant disease majorly characterised by high blood levels. Diabetes is a common disease all over the globe, affecting individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The rates of the disease have been alarming across the board, both nationally and globally, endangering the very health of individuals. According to the World Health Organisation (2023), about 422 million across the globe have diabetes, for which the majority of them live in low-income and middle-income countries. World Health Organisation. (2023) adds that 1.5 million deaths occur as a result of diabetes each year. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022) reported that 37.3 million people, which equals 11.3 % of the US population, are living with diabetes. Given these statistics, it is imperative to develop a health promotion program tailored to address the problem of diabetes. Development of the health promotion program will be engineered towards reducing the prevalence of the disease, improving the management of the disease and promoting public health. To measure the effectiveness of the health promotion program, various indicators will be employed. Reduction in disease incidences, sustained control of blood glucose levels and increased community engagement about the disease will measure the effectiveness of the program.

Vulnerability

African Americans are a particular population that is most vulnerable to the development of diabetes. A number of factors are responsible for this increased preference for the disease among African Americans. Hicklin (2020) reports that weight and fat around the abdomen are the major reasons for higher rates of diabetes among this population group. Since the rates of obesity have been observed to be higher among African Americans, they correlate positively with those of diabetes. Excessive weight in the body leads to the development of insulin resistance, a risk factor for diabetes type 2. Another factor that would possibly lead to this increased diabetes vulnerability is socioeconomic factors. African Americans have been associated with low-income status and limited access to healthy foods. In addition to these, the fact that most African Americans live in low-income status makes them less likely to afford medical services. As such, in many cases, there may be delayed diagnosis; hence, the disease might have advanced to later stages, which makes its management a bit difficult. Another factor that increases diabetes among African Americans is genetic predisposition. This genetic predisposition is a great factor for diabetes, leading to insulin resistance. According to Maggies(2015), African American was associated with a 33% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Another factor is cultural and dietary factors, which may cause them to prefer diets with sugars, unhealthy fats and processed foods, which lead to diabetes.

Literature Review

Afable & Karingula (2016) carried out a literature review study to understand the newest approaches that could be used in the prevention and control of diabetes. The study identified several interventions that integrated technology into them to help in the management of diabetes. These included the use of glucose monitoring systems, telehealth multimedia and short messages. These were found to be key initiatives that could help in the management of diabetes. Afable & Karingula (2016) also found that the integration of lifestyle education was a key initiative that would mostly work best in dealing with diabetes. The study highlights educating nutritionists and community workers, among other clinicians, who could help dispense information to the people.

Hilliard et al. (2016) carried out an extensive review to understand the evidence-based behavioural interventions in dealing with diabetes. One of the interventions found was skills training programs in which the approach entails teaching certain approaches targeted to people who are suffering from diabetes and on challenges in diabetes management. The study also identified family interventions in which family members make partnerships, communications, and collaborations with skill training opportunities that help them better manage diabetes. The study also highlights the relevance of technology-based interventions in dealing with diabetes management. These technology-based interventions are said to be web-based and self-managed among those who were found to be using this particular technique for diabetes management, there was increased self-management behaviour, which kept diabetes levels at management situations.

Strengths and Weakness of The Interventions

The two resources used to identify the different evidence-based interventions that can be used in the management of diabetes each has its weaknesses and strengths. The study by Afable & Karingula (2016) was a strong resource in that it was published by authors who have made a number of other similar related resources and which have been very instrumental in increasing the reliability of the resource. However, even with this, there are number of issues with this resource. To start with, the resources used systematic review methods, which may not be similar to if they had carried out an actual study, putting its credibility in doubt. Further, the study materials say that the studies dealt with intervention from low-income and developing nations, which intervention may not apply to the case in question; hence, they highly put in doubt the credibility of the resource.

Equally, the resource by Hilliard et al. (2016) is a strong reference point for evidence-based intervention in dealing with diabetes and diabetes management among the particularly vulnerable population group. The study is backed up by theories, with a lot of the research findings clearly cited from different materials, hence increasing the credibility of the information to be borrowed from the resource. Further, the source also provides a broad view of intervention types that are much more applicable in real-life situations, from the family system to other interventions based on skill training. This makes the resource more relevant to the subject of diabetes and the management of diabetes. However, on the flip side, the resource seems to borrow data from some resources that are much older, and this may lead to borrowing obsolete data considered not to be applicable in the present times. In addition, the study fails to describe its limitations and conflict of interest among the authors, which a knowing reader may consider deeply before citing ideas from this source.

Health Belief Model.

The most applicable theoretical framework that can be used in this particular context is the health belief model. Aqtam & Darawwad (2018) argue that this model provides that each individual's biopsychosocial creature is partially shaped by their environment. That is to say, for an individual who is suffering from diabetes, the application of interventions that work best would be guided by the application of the HBM, which allows the understanding of an individual's environment and how it shapes the development of diabetes. In that case, the application of the HBM in the control and prevention of diabetes is the best choice.

To start with, some individuals perceive African Americans as very vulnerable and sensitive to diabetes. In that case, by the application of this model, it is possible to diagnose interventions that are targeted at the risk factors that mostly revolve around the critical factors within the environment that may lead to diabetes or factors that may affect the management of diabetes. In addition to this, by applying the perceived severity of the diabetes among this vulnerable population group, it will be possible to carry out education-related initiatives that focus on enlightening the public among African Americans on the best ways to be used in the management and the prevention of this condition. In addition to this, there is also the application of the point of potential barriers that may be faced by this community. The model will emphasize and find ways in which to address the challenges that African Americans face in dealing with diabetes. These challenges will help the development of strategies that could be used in beating these challenges, leading to more sustainable ways of managing the conditions among this particular population group. For instance, an intuitive like the disparities in access to medical facilities that delay diagnosis would be solved by availing cost-effective services that help diagnose the disease from an early point in time. Most importantly, it will also be essential to make cultural considerations on the beliefs and practices of this particular population group, which might lead them to have diabetes or have challenges in their management.

In addition to this, the recognition of family support as key in the management of this condition is key to bringing about a long-term solution in dealing with diabetes prevention as well as the management of the same condition. It allows for ways in which members of social settings from the family unity can be encouraged to help in creating sustainable ways to manage the condition. That way, the African American population group can set clear action plans that they can follow up in managing diabetes. All these models or methods are based on the idea that the environment is a key factor in the determination of the result of a person's health. It is, therefore, very much applicable in creating interventions for those with diabetes, especially for the vulnerable African-American community.

References

Afable, A., & Karingula, N. S. (2016). Evidence based review of type 2 diabetes prevention and management in low and middle income countries. World journal of diabetes, 7(10), 209.

Aqtam, I., & Darawwad, M. (2018). Health promotion model: An integrative literature review. Open Journal of Nursing, 8(07), 485.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). National diabetes statistics report. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html

Hicklin, T. (2020). Factors contributing to higher incidence of diabetes for black Americans. National Institute of Health. Accessed, 1.

Hilliard, M. E., Powell, P. W., & Anderson, B. J. (2016). Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families. American Psychologist, 71(7), 590.

Maggie,N. C. (2015). Genetics of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. Current diabetes reports, 15, 1-8.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Diabetes. World Health Organization; World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1

2

Diabetes Health Promotion Program

Elizabeth Gonzalez

Florida National university

NGR6636-Health Promotion & Role Development

Professor : Nora Hernandez-Pupo

September 7, 2023

The present proposal addressed diabetes, which is a rampant disease majorly characterised by high blood levels. Diabetes is a common disease all over the globe, affecting individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The rates of the disease have been alarming across the board, both nationally and globally, endangering the very health of individuals. According to the World Health Organisation (2023), about 422 million across the globe have diabetes, for which the majority of them live in low-income and middle-income countries. World Health Organisation. (2023) adds that 1.5 million deaths occur as a result of diabetes each year. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022) reported that 37.3 million people, which equals 11.3 % of the US population, are living with diabetes. Given these statistics, it is imperative to develop a health promotion program tailored to address the problem of diabetes. Development of the health promotion program will be engineered towards reducing the prevalence of the disease, improving the management of the disease and promoting public health. To measure the effectiveness of the health promotion program, various indicators will be employed. Reduction in disease incidences, sustained control of blood glucose levels and increased community engagement about the disease will measure the effectiveness of the program.

Vulnerability

African Americans are a particular population that is most vulnerable to the development of diabetes. A number of factors are responsible for this increased preference for the disease among African Americans. Hicklin (2020) reports that weight and fat around the abdomen are the major reasons for higher rates of diabetes among this population group. Since the rates of obesity have been observed to be higher among African Americans, they correlate positively with those of diabetes. Excessive weight in the body leads to the development of insulin resistance, a risk factor for diabetes type 2. Another factor that would possibly lead to this increased diabetes vulnerability is socioeconomic factors. African Americans have been associated with low-income status and limited access to healthy foods. In addition to these, the fact that most African Americans live in low-income status makes them less likely to afford medical services. As such, in many cases, there may be delayed diagnosis; hence, the disease might have advanced to later stages, which makes its management a bit difficult. Another factor that increases diabetes among African Americans is genetic predisposition. This genetic predisposition is a great factor for diabetes, leading to insulin resistance. According to Maggies(2015), African American was associated with a 33% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Another factor is cultural and dietary factors, which may cause them to prefer diets with sugars, unhealthy fats and processed foods, which lead to diabetes.

Literature Review

Afable & Karingula (2016) carried out a literature review study to understand the newest approaches that could be used in the prevention and control of diabetes. The study identified several interventions that integrated technology into them to help in the management of diabetes. These included the use of glucose monitoring systems, telehealth multimedia and short messages. These were found to be key initiatives that could help in the management of diabetes. Afable & Karingula (2016) also found that the integration of lifestyle education was a key initiative that would mostly work best in dealing with diabetes. The study highlights educating nutritionists and community workers, among other clinicians, who could help dispense information to the people.

Hilliard et al. (2016) carried out an extensive review to understand the evidence-based behavioural interventions in dealing with diabetes. One of the interventions found was skills training programs in which the approach entails teaching certain approaches targeted to people who are suffering from diabetes and on challenges in diabetes management. The study also identified family interventions in which family members make partnerships, communications, and collaborations with skill training opportunities that help them better manage diabetes. The study also highlights the relevance of technology-based interventions in dealing with diabetes management. These technology-based interventions are said to be web-based and self-managed among those who were found to be using this particular technique for diabetes management, there was increased self-management behaviour, which kept diabetes levels at management situations.

Strengths and Weakness of The Interventions

The two resources used to identify the different evidence-based interventions that can be used in the management of diabetes each has its weaknesses and strengths. The study by Afable & Karingula (2016) was a strong resource in that it was published by authors who have made a number of other similar related resources and which have been very instrumental in increasing the reliability of the resource. However, even with this, there are number of issues with this resource. To start with, the resources used systematic review methods, which may not be similar to if they had carried out an actual study, putting its credibility in doubt. Further, the study materials say that the studies dealt with intervention from low-income and developing nations, which intervention may not apply to the case in question; hence, they highly put in doubt the credibility of the resource.

Equally, the resource by Hilliard et al. (2016) is a strong reference point for evidence-based intervention in dealing with diabetes and diabetes management among the particularly vulnerable population group. The study is backed up by theories, with a lot of the research findings clearly cited from different materials, hence increasing the credibility of the information to be borrowed from the resource. Further, the source also provides a broad view of intervention types that are much more applicable in real-life situations, from the family system to other interventions based on skill training. This makes the resource more relevant to the subject of diabetes and the management of diabetes. However, on the flip side, the resource seems to borrow data from some resources that are much older, and this may lead to borrowing obsolete data considered not to be applicable in the present times. In addition, the study fails to describe its limitations and conflict of interest among the authors, which a knowing reader may consider deeply before citing ideas from this source.

Health Belief Model.

The most applicable theoretical framework that can be used in this particular context is the health belief model. Aqtam & Darawwad (2018) argue that this model provides that each individual's biopsychosocial creature is partially shaped by their environment. That is to say, for an individual who is suffering from diabetes, the application of interventions that work best would be guided by the application of the HBM, which allows the understanding of an individual's environment and how it shapes the development of diabetes. In that case, the application of the HBM in the control and prevention of diabetes is the best choice.

To start with, some individuals perceive African Americans as very vulnerable and sensitive to diabetes. In that case, by the application of this model, it is possible to diagnose interventions that are targeted at the risk factors that mostly revolve around the critical factors within the environment that may lead to diabetes or factors that may affect the management of diabetes. In addition to this, by applying the perceived severity of the diabetes among this vulnerable population group, it will be possible to carry out education-related initiatives that focus on enlightening the public among African Americans on the best ways to be used in the management and the prevention of this condition. In addition to this, there is also the application of the point of potential barriers that may be faced by this community. The model will emphasize and find ways in which to address the challenges that African Americans face in dealing with diabetes. These challenges will help the development of strategies that could be used in beating these challenges, leading to more sustainable ways of managing the conditions among this particular population group. For instance, an intuitive like the disparities in access to medical facilities that delay diagnosis would be solved by availing cost-effective services that help diagnose the disease from an early point in time. Most importantly, it will also be essential to make cultural considerations on the beliefs and practices of this particular population group, which might lead them to have diabetes or have challenges in their management.

In addition to this, the recognition of family support as key in the management of this condition is key to bringing about a long-term solution in dealing with diabetes prevention as well as the management of the same condition. It allows for ways in which members of social settings from the family unity can be encouraged to help in creating sustainable ways to manage the condition. That way, the African American population group can set clear action plans that they can follow up in managing diabetes. All these models or methods are based on the idea that the environment is a key factor in the determination of the result of a person's health. It is, therefore, very much applicable in creating interventions for those with diabetes, especially for the vulnerable African-American community.

References

Afable, A., & Karingula, N. S. (2016). Evidence based review of type 2 diabetes prevention and management in low and middle income countries. World journal of diabetes, 7(10), 209.

Aqtam, I., & Darawwad, M. (2018). Health promotion model: An integrative literature review. Open Journal of Nursing, 8(07), 485.

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). National diabetes statistics report. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html

Hicklin, T. (2020). Factors contributing to higher incidence of diabetes for black Americans. National Institute of Health. Accessed, 1.

Hilliard, M. E., Powell, P. W., & Anderson, B. J. (2016). Evidence-based behavioral interventions to promote diabetes management in children, adolescents, and families. American Psychologist, 71(7), 590.

Maggie,N. C. (2015). Genetics of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. Current diabetes reports, 15, 1-8.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Diabetes. World Health Organization; World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1