ARH_170_OL2: Projective Drawing and Perspective

INTRODUCTION In this module, you will begin your second project and research and drawing of

a building. You will review the principle of scale in architecture and drawing,

good practices of research, and how to build a drawing through the layering of

information.

Module Learning Objectives ● Identify the variety of resources available to obtain reliable architectural

information and research.

● Explore how to deduce scale of a plan image.

● Develop skill at reading and drawing architectural plans.

● Use construction lines to build drawings.

● Identify drawings at different scales.

Strategies for Success It is recommended that before reading this module, you will complete

the assigned reading for this module.

Readings ● Francis Ching, Design Drawing, Chapter 6: Pictorial Systems, 146–161

Architectural Graphics, Francis Ching - Plans (PDF, 2218.9 kb)

Module Coursework ● Read and view all module content and media in the pages that follow.

● Complete all items in any Graded Coursework, Other Activities, and

Quizzes and Exams areas included in this module.

PLAN AND CULTURE As Louis Kahn's thesis of "served" and "servant" spaces suggests, plan

configurations can also reflect social and cultural hierarchies. We look briefly

at two other examples of recognizable plan typologies with embedded social

or cultural structures driving their design: the courtyard house and the church.

Courtyard houses

Many cultures around the world hold some form of vernacular courtyard

house typology—historic Islamic, Italian, English, Incan, Greek, Roman

civilizations, to name a few. The "siheyuan" was a residential structure type

found throughout Beijing and many regions in China.

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In siheyuan, the Confucian principles of social and family hierarchy were

expressed in the arrangement of spaces within the housing compound, and

their relationship to the sequence of entry, sunlight, and view to the courtyard.

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Image and plan analysis of traditional Chinese courtyard house

As shown in the diagram above, the most important rooms were located along

the central axis, receiving the most light and overlooking the different

courtyards—the main guest-receiving hall at the center in front of the main

public courtyard, and the master bedroom to the rear facing the private

courtyard. The rooms along the sides of the courtyard, off-axis, smaller, and

with less light, were delegated to lower members of the household. The front

courtyard block, closest to the public street and receiving little to no direct

light, housed the servants and utility spaces.

This hierarchy influenced the configuration of many vernacular courtyard

residences throughout China, including the imperial palace design of the

Forbidden City in Beijing.

Western Ecclesiastical Architecture

Another very commonly known plan typology would be that of the Christian

church—the Latin or Greek cross plans. Early church buildings were actually

inspired by Roman basilicas, which were public buildings used as meeting

places, markets and even to hold court. The central meeting space called the

nave was flanked by side aisles housing market stalls. At either end were

small apses, often semi-circular in nature, that housed court chambers and

legislative meetings.

Diagram of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine in the Roman Forum, 1st Century AD

As churches developed, the nave became not just a central common meeting

space but directional, syncopating the formal movement of religious

processions towards one principal end, which was the location of the altar.

That principal end grew in significance and size, and sometimes were

extended into two arms perpendicular to the nave that flanked either side of

the altar space, called the transept.

This T-shaped cross configuration continued to dominate church plan-making

for many centuries and through many architectural styles.

Plan of the Florence Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore"

In both examples of the courtyard and the church, it is clear how the cultural

and spatial practices of their times influenced the making of the plan.

4.1 [Project 2] Case Study, Part 1 Instructions

Research

Research your assigned building using the resources outlined in the module. This research should encompass both written information about the building—its design, architect, and significance (information which you should collect, cite and summarize)—and also photos and drawings that describe the project, including:

● Site Plan ● Plans* ● Sections* ● Elevations* ● Axonometrics ● Perspectives ● Diagrams ● Photos of Building (Exterior and Interior)*

*Required

Attention

Please review module content on good research practices before commencing your research work.

Building Analysis

Use your collection of photographs and drawings to understand the following:

● Building's relationship to the site: ○ Where is the building located? What is the surrounding

context (urban, rural, suburban, coastal) and climate? Which direction is the building oriented—where is north, south, east, and west? Are certain spaces deliberately facing one orientation or another? Are there views in a certain direction?

○ What is the entry condition? How does one get to the building and enter it? What is the building's relationship to the ground?

○ Are some spaces more connected to or separated from the site?

● Building's interior organization: ○ Are there structural or spatial grids, or bearing walls that

regulate the space? Can you find a module, or pattern of dimensions or proportions that repeat?

○ What is the circulation sequence from the entrance to the various programs?

Include answers to these questions as part of your written summary.

Numerate each section and elevation drawing you have found (A, B, C, etc.), and every photograph (#1, #2, etc.). On reduced-size plans (approximately 8.5 x 11 inches), indicate the following:

● Draw and label cut lines that correspond to each of the section drawings you have found (including arrows to indicate which side the section drawing faces);

● Label each side of the plan with the correct corresponding elevation drawing label;

● Mark in plan where each photograph is describing (minimum of 5 photographs) similar to this:

Submit all visual materials you have collected, with their individual number/letter as their file name (e.g, SchindlerHouse_2.jpg), as well as the marked plan you have created.

Sketches

Based on your research and analysis of the building, create a minimum of four (4) sketches that you feel best capture the most significant aspects of your project's design. These can be your capturing of the building's form or ordering in perspective or axonometric, a study of the building's facade(s), your delineation of a significant space of the building, or even your own self-generated diagram explaining the building's design.

Drawing Scale

Scale the floor plans and sections you have found such that they will print at ¼"=1'-0", or 1:50 metric. (See Module 3 content and video demonstration on how to scale drawings.) Once printed, double-check that you have printed them at the correct scale. You should also test between drawings, to ensure all printed drawings are at the same scale. Between plans, for instance, find either a common column grid or set of stairs, and test that they measure out equally in the two plans. Between plans and sections, you can measure overall lengths of the building. (See video demonstration for more instruction and example.) If one is inconsistent, find the

more correctly-scaled drawing, and enlarge or reduce the problematic drawing to match.

If your drawings are not able to fit onto a 24 x 36 inches sheet at ¼" scale, discuss with your instructor an alternative scale to use.

Drawing the Plan(s)

Consider which drawings are critical to understanding your project's design. Determine with your instructor the drawings you are responsible to complete for your project. Test that these drawings can fit on a 24 x 36 inch sheet, with at least 3-4 inches of white space (margin) around each side.

Start with drawing the plan. On your sheet of paper, ghost in the approximate overall size of the plan onto your sheet, to ensure sufficient and consistent margins on each side. Review how to construct drawings in layers from the module content and reading. Be sure to add in appropriate hierarchy of line weights to communicate what is cut versus in elevation. And remember, as stated in your reading, the plane of the horizontal cut in a plan is usually located about four (4) feet above the floor.

For some projects, it can be helpful to show what is happening above the cut plane; for instance, if there are changes in the ceiling plane that aid in the understanding of the space the plan shows. These edges can be shown as dashed lines in your plans. Lastly, label each sheet with your name, class, the project name, and, under each drawing, the correct drawing title and drawing scale.

See video tutorial on how to draw graphic scale and north arrow:

Attention

If you are drawing more than one plan, make sure that the plan drawings are aligned on or between pages. Secondly, follow the steps described in the module to construct your plan(s)—Do not simply trace or copy the printed drawings; this is easily surmised by instructors and you will failed this project assignment.

Attention

Scan your completed drawings and submit by posting to the Project Assignment topic. Ensure your scan is of sufficiently high resolution and contrast to visibly capture your construction lines as well as your final lines, and that the drawing is legible, and not pixelating when zooming in.

Purpose

● To understand how to read and convey architectural information about a building through plan, section and elevation drawings

● To utilize the architectural drawing conventions of plan, elevation and section to analyze and accurately and conceptually communicate a building's form and design.

Tools

● Lead Pencil ● Trace Paper ● Vellum Paper ● T-Square or Mayline ● Architectural Scale ● Triangle(s) ● Compass (as may be needed) ● French Curves (as may be needed)

Due Date

This work is due by the end of this module.

Submission Directions

Please submit your work to this topic and upload your images as a JPEG file.

Use the following file-naming convention:

● 4_1_yourlastname_Project 2_Sketch_01.jpg ● 4_1_yourlastname_Project 2_Sketch_02.jpg, etc.

Read Carefully: Once approved your selection will be with you for the remainder of the course

For this assignment, you'll start by choosing a building to study/research/sketch/draw:

A. School Farm, by Felipe Grallert Architects

B. School in Montrottier, by Tekhne Architects

OR

C. Select a project of your choice and let me know your selection for approval.

Choose wisely, the project selected will be with you for the rest of the course. Each module moving forward will build on your previous module assignments. Very important.

Any selection must include a downloadable plan/section/elevation; be no more than 2 stories; and modest in footprint. Set yourself up for success, not failure. Keep it simple.

If you are not familiar with the Archdaily website library of projects, take some time to explore the contents. Select Option A if you have difficulty choosing a case study from Archdaily.

There are hundreds of projects with a significant amount of material for research. Consider it one stop shopping.

Let me know your selection by responding in this topic. VERY IMPORTANT......

Go for it! And let the real fun begin........More inspiration in the link below:

https://www.archdaily.com/875619/50-most-popular-houses

A. School Farm Felipe Grallert Architects Challenging

B. School in Montrottier Tekhnê Architects More Challenging

C. House In Sèvres Advanced (or research and select from archdaily)