A/P CASE

CHAPTER 2 – CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

Matter is anything that has MASS and OCCUPIES SPACE

Mass is the amount of MATTER a substance contains.

Weight is the FORCE OF GRAVITY acting on a mass.

Matter exists in 3 forms:

Solids

Liquids

Gases

Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass Number : the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Isotopes: change in mass number due to change in number of neutrons.

Ion - an atom that has lost or gained an electron.

Molecule – 2 or more atoms sharing VALENCE ELECTRONS

Compound – a substance that can be broken down into their cons+tuent elements .

The number of electrons in the OUTER MOST SHELL determines the likelihood that atom will form a CHEMICAL BOND with another atom.

CATION: any ion that has one (or more) protons than it does electrons.

ANION: any ion that has one (or more) electrons than it does protons.

A bond that is made where the atoms share their electrons equally are known as a(n) Nonpolar Covalent bonds.

A bond where the atoms unequally share their electrons is known as a(n) polar covalent bond.

HYDROGEN: bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of water molecules. These bonds create the ______________ _____________ of water.

______________: the starting substances of chemical reactions.

______________: the ending substances of chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions where you take at least two smaller substances and make them bigger: __________________ (energy is absorbed).

Chemical reactions where you take a larger substance and make it into at least two smaller substances: _____________________ (energy is _______________).

__________________ is the combination of all the _________________ and _________________ reactions in the human body.

What is the LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY?

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

What is the chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction and allows it to happen at a lower energy? _______________________

Types of chemical reactions:

Synthesis: _____________________________________________________

Decomposition: ________________________________________________

Exchange: _____________________________________________________

Reversible: ___________________________________________________

Oxidation-reduction: ___________________________________________

Loss of electrons and energy is released: __________________________

Gain of electrons and energy gain: _______________________________

_________________ compounds always contain H, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds.

Water is __________________ meaning it has a slightly ____________ hydrogen end and a slightly ______________ oxygen end.

The following picture is an example of water as a: __________________________

Water has a high HEAT capacity and a high SPECIFIC.

Due to the Due to the HYDROGEN bonds present between the water molecules; water cannot be _________________________, helping to reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another.

What are the three types of mixtures?

1. SOLLUTIONS

2. SUSPENSIONS

3. COLLOIDS

Are the following household items acidic/basic?

Lemon juice ACIDIC

Coffee ACIDIC

Milk ACIDIC

How about these body fluids?

Blood BASIC

Gastric juice ACIDIC

Bile NEUTRAL

A _____________ _______________ helps to regulate pH by converting ________ acids or bases into __________ acids or bases.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

THE SUN : provide most of the energy needed for life.

Monosaccharides (aka simple sugars)

_________________ two sugars combined via dehydration synthesis

_________________ 10’s-100’s of sugars combined via dehydration synthesis

_________________: are the storage centers for our bodies. Can be used for energy if the primary source is unavailable. Made up of ________________ __________________.

_________________: give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances and serve as enzymes.

Functions of _______________________:

__________________: form structural framework of various parts of body

__________________: regulate various physiological processes (as hormones)

__________________: allows a muscle to shorten producing movement

__________________: helps protect the body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

__________________: carry vital substances throughout the body

__________________: act as enzymes

Proteins are formed by combining various _______________ _______________.

__________________: function as a catalyst in a living cell.

DNA VS RNA

__________________: carries the genetic coding of the cell. Found in the ______________ of body cells and _____________________ most of the cell’s activities.

Made up of the following nitrogenous bases:

(A)_______________________ (T) ________________________

(C) _______________________ (G) ________________________

__________________: guides protein formation.

Found in three forms:

_____________________: involved in transcription of DNA

_____________________: involved in the transport of the information from the nucleus to the ribosome

_____________________: involved in the translation of the information into a protein

Made up of the following nitrogenous bases:

(A)_______________________ (U) ________________________

(C) _______________________ (G) ________________________

__________________: the energy storing molecule of the body.

Created through a synthesis reaction of combining:

________________ + Po (phosphate) + Energy ____________________

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

__________________ + ____O2 ___ CO2 + ___ H2O + ____ ATP + Heat Glucose