Part 2
Cyberspace is a concept describing widespread interconnected devices on different networks.
There are three layers within the cyberspace domain: the Physical Network layer, the Logical
Network layer, and the Cyber-Persona layer. The physical network is composed of man-made
devices, such as modems, routers, fiber optics, and so on. A physical network relies on hardware
and infrastructure components to support its network and physical connections. The Logical
Network layer would be the central nervous system of cyberspace. It is responsible for ensuring
packets of data get to the correct destination, primarily via domain name systems (DNS). Fiber
optic cables and physical foundations are essential to browsers, websites, internet protocols, and
software. Lastly, the Cyber-Persona layer is the layer that represents each individual person's
entity. Additionally, this is the layer that users see every day. The various layers of cyberspace
have impacts on the ability to govern each layer. Boundaries can be crossed in the blink of an
eye in cyberspace because it is so challenging to protect. With so many people in the world
accessing the internet, there are endless cyberthreats. The rapidly evolving technology makes it
challenging to make rules and regulations for cyberspace. For the government to effectively
maintain the policies of cyberspace, all countries would have to be on the same page.
Part 3
Interaction between cyberspace layers begins at the physical network layer. More specifically, it
starts off as a node (anything that uses electronics or electromagnetic spectrums to store, create,
modify, and exchange data). Nodes are not what exchange data; they are what allow an exchange
to take place. Core nodes are connected to long-haul fiber optic lines that carry bits (data). Using
fiber optic lines, the internet traffic is routed through a network of branches, with each branch
managed by a router. Throughout these lines, bits are carried, passed through the router, and
entered the logical network layer. Logic network layers consist mainly of codes or written
instructions, which are often broken down into protocols. Protocols are also divided into
categories, such as firmware and software protocols. A firmware protocol is a code that governs
how a computer's hardware operates. Essentially, a software protocol defines how a task or
interaction is accomplished. Protocols like these ensure the next layer functions correctly. Cyber-
personas are composed of people interacting and utilizing networks on their own. Often, cyber
persons do not need to reflect actual persons and can be hybrids or complete falsifications. Cyber
personas can be email addresses, IP addresses, avatars, etc.
