VPN (Virtual private network) is a private virtual route tunneled through public
networks to connect to work sites. The purpose of VPN alone is to take advantage of
large networks' economies of scale and management facilities (Stallings, 1). VPN, by
itself, is inherently vulnerable due to its dependence on public networks. The IETF
developed the IPsec protocols in the mid-1990s to secure VPNs. IPSec standards are used
to implement a Key exchange function which is carried out by an IKE (Internet Key
Exchange), an authentication function AH(Authentication Header), or an
authentication/encryption function ESP (Encapsulating) security protocol. Without the
IPSec standard, there is a chance of being exposed to eavesdropping and unauthorized
access.
The pandemic took many businesses by surprise because they had a situation where
employees had to work from home for many months. The move to a work-from-home
economy led companies to rely heavily on remote VPNs instead of the traditional site-to-
