NOTES for Psychology Chapter 7
Picture yourself about to give a presentation for work or school. Do you feel like
sweating? Is your heart rate increasing? Is there a shivering sensation in your stomach?
That's okay. This response is a sign that your sympathetic nervous system is activated
and preparing you to face the challenge, as you recognize it. You can choose to
interpret this feeling as excitement rather than fear because you are aware that your
thoughts influence your actions. This increased arousal will help you engage your
audience and project your voice into the crowd, so you can be thankful for it. Finally,
you can use the nonverbal expressions of posture and eye contact to convey
confidence rather than nervousness during your presentation because you are aware
that how you express your emotions will affect how others perceive your speech. What
matters most in intelligence is how well you use what you know. The processes of
classical and operant conditioning are responsible for the formation of many of the
irrational beliefs and ill-adaptive emotions that lead to problems in our lives. We
experienced a strong emotion as a result of an event, and now the two are connected.
You might have been bullied in the locker room of your middle school. Every time you
think about working out, you now feel afraid and ashamed. It's not surprising that you
dropped your gym membership. Habitual behavior accounts for as much as 45% of our
behavior (Wood & Quinn, 2005; Wood and co., 2002). There are three parts to habits: 1.
a cue, also known as a signal, that initiates a desire or association2 The act, the routine,
or the behavior. Emotionally Intelligent CommunicationPaying attention to the actual
words is just the beginning of emotional intelligence. A reward that reinforces the
behavior and strengthens the association with the cue Behavior Factors You
communicate through both your words and your nonverbal messages. You must also be
aware of the influence of attitudes and beliefs (person factors), the context
(environmental factors), and the nonverbal messages (behavior factors). Your tone of
voice, facial expressions, and body language—such as posture and gestures—all
convey your feelings. Successful correspondence requires mindfulness and guideline of
your own profound conduct articulations to send the right messages. To comprehend
the messages that others are conveying, you must also pay attention to their emotional
expressions. Employ self-awareness to observe your nonverbal expressions of emotion.
Take note of your body position and posture. Utilize self-regulation. Crossing your arms,
for instance, sends the message that you are angry or defensive, even though you are
not. It's sometimes necessary to pause before responding so that you can communicate
effectively rather than react emotionally. In the event that you feel major areas of
strength for a response, like resentment, excuse yourself or request a second to gather
your contemplations. Utilize social awareness to gain an understanding of the other
person's feelings and use that time to calm your sympathetic nervous system so that
you can respond thoughtfully rather than with a "fight or flight" response. As you convey
your message, pay attention to how they speak and how their body language changes.
Adjust or clarify your words with this information. Perceive that social variety can impact
how certain motions are deciphered. Factors Relating to the Person in Question The
person with whom you are chatting does not simply receive your message. They
process and interpret it instead. In order to make sense of the information, their working
memory makes use of previous knowledge and beliefs. To filter and comprehend what
is being said, internal personal factors like beliefs, attitudes, emotions, and previous
experiences are used. When we listen without empathy or make assumptions, we can
misunderstand and cause conflict. Use self-awareness to understand how your feelings,
thoughts, or beliefs are affecting how you communicate with others. Also, pay attention
to how these things affect how you interpret what someone is saying to you. Use
empathy to listen actively. Summarize what the other person has to say and clarify by
asking questions. You might say, for instance, " “Use social awareness to avoid judging
or making assumptions about the other person's thoughts or feelings,” is what I'm
hearing. Be specific. Declare, "This is how I see the problem." “Active listening -
Empathic listening, in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. Can you explain
to me how you see it?” The situation, or context, can also have an impact on how well
communication works. The physical location, the time of day, the presence of other
people, or the events that came before it are all examples of environmental factors.
Utilize self-awareness to comprehend how the situation may affect your own emotions
and those of others. Recognizing that environmental factors influence both the behavior
and the person factors of everyone involved is essential. Your capacity to remain
composed and in control is impaired by hunger, sleepiness, and intoxication. Utilize self-
regulation to minimize distractions so you can focus on the message and not on things
that are unrelated. The presence of other people may increase your emotional and
physiological arousal, which may cause you to become more defensive. Use ethical
judgment and social awareness to either change the context to a location or time that is
more appropriate or pause the discussion and resume when both parties can
communicate so that you can focus. The objective is not to avoid the issue, but rather to
communicate in a setting that is less emotional or sensitive. For instance, a discussion
regarding who was supposed to take out the trash may not be appropriate at the holiday
dinner table, which is surrounded by extended family. Sales and Marketing All
advertising is based on psychology, particularly persuasion techniques. There are two
ways to try to persuade people. While central route persuasion provides evidence to
elicit favorable thoughts, peripheral route persuasion uses simpler cues like celebrity
endorsements or striking images. Classical conditioning methods are frequently used in
peripheral route persuasion. It uses clues in the advertisement to make connections
between the brand or product and how we feel. For instance, in the hope that our
positive feelings for the product will be projected onto the product itself, commercials
make use of celebrities who are appealing and likable. They suggest that the product or
service can satisfy our need for independence, competence, and connection, which in
turn can make our lives better. The central method of persuasion is used by
commercials and salespeople to describe the product in detail and demonstrate its
features. This can be seen in advertisements for automobiles that emphasize ratings for
safety and fuel economy. In advertisements, marketers use psychology to draw our
attention to these particulars. Management and LeadershipEmotionally intelligent
leaders are aware of the ways in which employees' actions are influenced by cultural
norms. The creation of company-wide norms based on empathy, diversity, and ethical
judgment is guided by their use of psychology. To create a positive workplace that
encourages productivity and fulfillment, respect for diversity is essential. Profit and
productivity also rise when employees are motivated and engaged. The personality
traits of each employee help successful managers adjust their expectations, task
assignments, and feedback. In addition, they use psychological motivational principles
to keep everyone focused on the task at hand. Employees' need for self-determination
drives them, not just extrinsic motivators like praise or threats, according to many
managers and businesses. In point of fact, research has demonstrated that as long as
pay is equitable and adequate, individuals lose interest in earning money and seek out
intrinsic motivators. This is especially crucial in fields that require creativity, higher-order
thinking, and decision-making. Companies that give employees a sense of purpose,
flexibility, and choice, as well as opportunities for self-improvement, are more profitable
and have less employee turnover. Brain science in SportsAthletes need a characteristic
love of the game or the game, and it helps assuming that they have created
coarseness. Athletes and coaches need to know how to support self-determination and
use extrinsic motivation effectively in order to maintain motivation throughout all of this
deliberate practice. Their need for external validation and their capacity to concentrate
on the tedious improvements that make champions are all affected by their emotional
stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
Self-awareness and self-regulation are also necessary for athletes. They need to keep
an eye on how stress affects their performance and come up with creative ways to deal
with stress and emotions. Just picture a basketball player getting ready to make a free
throw that could win the division. Her body will respond physiologically to stress. The
physiological changes can make it difficult for her to focus on the target if she allows her
thoughts to turn to fear and self-doubt. However, the same physiological response will
assist her by increasing blood flow to her muscles and assisting her eyes to focus on
the web if she is able to control her thoughts and emotions. Psychology in
EducationEfficient educators must also comprehend how learning is affected by
development. From the development of kindergarteners' fine motor skills to the impact
of puberty on middle schoolers, physical changes in the brain and body during
childhood present challenges as well as opportunities. All educators must also take into
account the importance of social and emotional development. The need for elementary
school students to feel competent rather than inferior is the root cause of their tendency
to compare themselves to others. Teenagers' questions about their own beliefs and the
norms and values of society are fueled by their search for an identity. Both have an
effect on how open they are to learning and how well they can participate in lessons.
Psychological principles of learning and motivation contribute to effective classroom
management. Both classical and operant conditioning theories demonstrate that cues
and consequences influence behavior. It is the responsibility of teachers to create
classrooms that encourage and reward appropriate behavior. They must also know how
to use intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to keep students engaged and on task.
Wellbeing and PsychologyHealth brain research is a subfield of brain science that
spotlights on applying the standards of brain science to further develop medical
services. It aids in our comprehension of how individuals respond to and manage
illnesses, how to encourage healthy lifestyle choices, and how to tailor treatments.
Mental health symptoms ought to be recognizable by healthcare professionals. When
interacting with children or elderly patients, they need to be familiar with developmental
psychology. In addition, they must comprehend how cultural diversity influences
people's health, actions, and perspectives on medicine. Lastly, they play a crucial role in
making others aware that health encompasses much more than just physical well-being:
The combination of factors that support one's biological, psychological, and social well-
being constitutes good health. Teams from a variety of fields work together behind the
scenes to carry out tests, keep records, and coordinate various aspects of mental and
physical health care, even during a routine checkup. Psychology is a big part of it.
Consider the scenario in which a family member is diagnosed with Type II diabetes.
There is much more to effective treatment than simply giving a patient insulin and
sending them on their way. An attempt would be made by a health psychologist to
educate the patient and even other members of the family about the significance of
adhering to the health care plan. The psychologist would try to raise the patient's
awareness of the underlying feelings, routines, and even cultural norms that will
determine whether or not the patient takes the medication that was prescribed to them.
They could also address other emotional and behavioral factors, like how they think,
what they eat, and how they exercise, to help people change their behavior or form
habits that make them more resilient. The patient may be referred by the psychologist to
additional psychological services like therapy and counseling if necessary. Sometimes,
all a patient needs is simple medicine, but psychology often helps them feel heard and
understood by meeting their needs on a human level. Emotional Intelligence in Health
CareEmotional intelligence is essential for fostering a positive patient-provider
relationship. Psychology and emotional intelligence are essential skills for any
successful healthcare professional, from office administrator to neurosurgeon. Self-
awareness, empathy, self-regulation, and especially ethical judgment and social
awareness are all necessary for effective interactions with patients and clients. People
are more likely to achieve good health when they understand one another and work
toward it together. However, the patient suffers and good outcomes are less likely when
the dynamic is marred by miscommunication and lack of empathy. Psychology has
always been a part of successful social justice reforms. Changes in attitudes and social
justice Before they can unite a group behind a common cause, social leaders must first
comprehend the perspectives and emotions of diverse individuals: the fight for civil
rights, women's suffrage, the end of slavery, and other forms of oppression. The leaders
of social justice movements who use psychology and emotional intelligence to connect
with their audience's attitudes and beliefs are more likely to achieve success. They take
the central route to explain the problems and offer data-driven solutions, and they take
the peripheral route to touch our emotions and appeal to our social-responsibility
expectations. Attitudes are influenced by behaviors Psychologists tasked with resolving
our most pressing social issues are aware that they must convince individuals to alter
their beliefs as well as their behaviors. They are aware that because many of our
behaviors are ingrained, influenced, and reinforced by social and cultural norms, it is
difficult to bring about radical shifts in social behavior. Social psychologists, on the other
hand, advocate for more manageable changes that the majority of people are willing to
make, such as calling others with respect and using accurate pronouns, making modest
monthly contributions to important causes, and volunteering in the community. Attitude
shifts and, eventually, shifts in social norms can result from these minor behavioral
shifts.
