Anxiety and Phobias: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
Individuals throughout the world live with anxiety and phobia disorders. Emma Pillsbury from
Glee is a high school guidance counselor (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Throughout the series,
her character portrays classic symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There are
different components to this disorder. Obsessions occur with relentless thoughts, impulses,
orimages that overtake an individual’s mind (Comer & Comer, 2021). Compulsions are
recurrent and fixed behaviors or mental functions that individuals feel they must do to ease or
counteract anxiety (Comer & Comer, 2021). Fear is an uncomfortable but normal reaction
individuals experience briefly. When that fear becomes irrational and overtakes an individual’s
mind, it can create negative and biased analyses which can create dysfunction in their lives
(Pramod & Premkant, 2021). Stress, irrational beliefs and abnormal behaviors, DSM diagnosis
codes, and psychological models can further explain the disorder Emma Pillsbury exhibits.
Emma Pillsbury is seen throughout the series obsessively cleaning anything before she touches
or consumes it. When Emma was a child, she experienced something that was traumatic for
her. Her brother pushed her into a run-off lagoon and ever since she struggled with things being
dirty (Brennan et al., 2009–2015). Mysophobia, or germophobia, is an irrational fear of germs
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). The stress of being around germs can cause a person to avoid social
situations, overusing hand sanitizer, washing hands several times in a row, wearing gloves,and
more (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Emma is seen throughout the series wiping each piece of her
fruit before eating it, using hand sanitizer frequently, washing a pencil sharpener for an
abnormalamount of time. Because of the stress she feels from being surrounded by germs, she
has a difficult time being involved in romantic relationships (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is founded and upheld by the
American Psychiatric Association (APA). The DSM is a guide for clinicians and other mental
health professionals to diagnose and treat individuals. According to the DSM, Emma presents
symptoms and meets the diagnostic criteria of F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). Emma has both a presence of obsession, fear
of germs, and compulsive behaviors such as cleaning. Emma presents poor insight as she fears
germs and will wash her food for an abnormal amount of time. She believes if she does not
wipe her fruit for a certain amount of time, she could be exposed to germs (Brennan et al.,
2009–2015). Sensory phenomena are physical experiences individuals with OCD generally
have. Somemay encounter feelings of guilt while performing compulsive acts (APA, 2022).
Individuals havedysfunctional beliefs that can interfere with their daily lives. For example, an
individual with fears of contamination and germs may avoid seeking healthcare at doctors’
offices and hospitals (APA, 2022). In Emma’s case, her irrational fear of germs has gotten in
the way of developing intimate relationships. Considering Emma’s case, it is important for
behavioral health specialists to choose a model of therapy that will best fit her needs.The
cognitive behavioral model is a great choice for treating individuals with OCD. This view states
that it is normal to have some repetitive and intrusive thoughts, but for most they willdissipate
without issue (Comer & Comer, 2021). For some, these intrusive thoughts occur frequently and
lead to obsession. The more the individual tries to neutralize their intrusive thoughts, the more
the reinforced behavior will occur. For example, Emma has a fear of germs, so she will wash
her hands multiple times which makes her feel safe. However, hand washing is not enough,
and she will also carry around hand sanitizer wherever she goes (Brennan et al. 2009–2015).
OCD behaviors can be characterized as protection against trauma related memories (Airdrie et
al., 2023).
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a great treatment option for Emma and other individuals
who have OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is effective in treating individuals
with OCD and is considered the first choice of treatment according to the National Institute of
Health and Care Excellence (Airdrie et al., 2023). The main goal of ERP is to introduce the
client to their obsessions in a safe place slowly over time (Airdrie et al., 2023). By exposing
individuals to their obsessions, therapists can challenge their beliefs about their fears orthe
consequences they believe will occur and show them their irrational thoughts are false which
leads to less anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023). CBT treatment typically lasts 10 to14 weeks with
around 12 to 16 sessions (Ball et al., 2021). Studies have shown that brief, intensive group
(BIG)-CBT treatment is successful in conjunction with standard clinical care for individuals
whohave OCD (Ball et al., 2021). Many treatments are available for individuals who have
OCD, while cognitive behavioral therapy is effective, it can also be combined with the
biological model and use drug therapy as well. Individuals, children through adulthood, are
diagnosed with OCD throughout the world. Emma Pillsbury, a character from a television show
called Glee portrays a school counselor who has OCD. Throughout the series, Emma shows
how the symptoms of her disorder can cause dysfunction throughout her day. The DSM and
ICD code F42.2, obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a strong and probable diagnosis for Emma.
Her intrusive thoughts and fears of germs create habitual behaviors of cleaning items, such as
her fruit before she consumes it and wearing gloveswhile eating (Brennan et al., 2009–2015).
The cognitive behavioral model best fits a diagnosis ofOCD. As individuals become obsessive
over their thoughts, they try to neutralize them by actions that temporarily reduce anxiety. This
in turn creates reinforcement of compulsive behaviors (Comer & Comer, 2021). Cognitive
behavioral therapy, such as ERP is a great option and the first choice when it comes to treating
OCD (Airdrie et al., 2023). As individuals are slowly exposed to their obsession over time,
their dysfunctional thoughts are proven false which lessens their anxiety (Airdrie et al., 2023).
Emma Pillsbury’s case demonstrates how stress, irrational beliefs, and abnormal behaviors can
be addressed by a proper diagnosis using the DSMand treatment with the best fit psychological
model.
