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Cultural Intelligence
1. Ethnocentrism
a. “Evaluating other people and their culture by the standards of our own cultural
preferences”
b. Believing your personal experience is that is normal and best
c. Ignoring the impact of ethnocentrism on how we lead the single greatest
obstacle to CQ knowledge
2. Cultural Intelligence
a. CQ Drive
i. Motivational CQ
ii. The level of interest, drive, and motivation to adapt interculturally
1. Intrinsic
a. Deriving enjoyment from culturally diverse experiences
2. Extrinsic
a. Gaining benefits from culturally diverse experiences
3. Self-Efficiency
a. Having the confidence to be effective in culturally diverse
situations
b. CQ Knowledge
i. The level of understanding about how cultures are similar and different
ii. Cognitive CQ
1. Cultural Systems
2. Cultural Norms and Values
c. CQ Strategy- the degree to which one is mindful, aware, and able to plan for
multicultural interactions
d. Sub-Dimensions
i. Planning- strategizing before a culturally diverse encounter
ii. Self-awareness- knowing about ones existing cultural knowledge and
alertness to what’s going on internally and externally during a
multicultural encounter
iii. Other-awareness (checking)- checking assumptions and adjusting mental
maps when actual experiences differ from expectations
e.
i. Metacognitive CQ
1. Awareness
2. Planning
3. Checking
ii. Individuals with high CQ Knowledge
1. Have a strong understanding of culture
2. Understand how it affects the way people think and behave
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3. Possess a repertoire of knowledge about culture
4. Can distinguish how cultures are alike and different
iii. 3 categories of human behavior
1. Universal: human characteristics
2. Cultural: artifacts and systems: art, food, clothing, money,
customs, gestures
a. Values and assumptions: unconscious, beliefs, perceptions,
feelings
3. Personal: the deepest level of iceberg containing our individual
differences
iv. Knowing the difference:
1. Ethno-linguistic Culture: the norms, customs, values and
worldview shared among an ethnic or linguistic group
2. National culture: the norms, customs, and values shared with
people who live in a country
3. Organizational culture: organizations and even professions have
their own distinct values, norms, and ways of viewing people and
issues
4. Generational culture: the norms, customs, and values shared by a
certain age group
v. CQ Knowledge Sub-Dimensions
1. Cultural systems: Knowledge about the ways cultures develop
systems for things like economics, legal governance, family, etc.
2. Cultural values and norms: Knowledge about values, social
interaction norms, and religious belief
3. Socio-Linguistic: Knowledge about rules of languages and rules for
expressing nonverbal behaviors
vi. Economic Systems- the basic ways a society organizes itself to meet its
member’ universal needs of food, water, clothing, and housing
1. Capitalism- society created around the idea of individuals gaining
resources and services based on their capacity to pay for them.
Decisions are market driven
2. Socialism- society in which the state coordinates and implements
the production and distribution of basic resources through central
planning and control
vii. Family Systems- The systems a society develops for who can marry whom
and the arrangements for how children and senior members are cared
for.
1. Kinship- family finds its identity in several generations of history
and the household often includes three or more generations
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2. Nuclear Family- the family is based on two generations where the
group members are related by marriage and consists primarily of
parents and children
viii. Educational Systems- The patterns for how the senior members of a
culture transmit their values, beliefs, and behaviors to their offspring
1. Formal
2. Informal
ix. Legal Systems- The systems developed by a society to protect citizens
rights
1. Formal- A very formalized system, which is chronicled in things like
a written constitution and laws
2. Informal- Although less formalized, simple legal systems are still
x. Religious Systems- the ways a culture explains the supernatural and what
otherwise seems inexplicable
1. Rational- the emphasis is on finding reason-based scientific
answers to the supernatural
2. Mystical
xi. Artistic Systems
f. CQ Action
i. Behavioral CQ
1. Verbal- adapting verbal behaviors (ex language)
2. Non-verbal- adapting non-verbal behaviors (ex gestures)
3. Speech acts- modifying the manner and content of
communications (ex direct/indirect) to fit multicultural contexts
3. Cultural Value Orientations
a. Individualism/collectivism
i. Individualism- emphasis on individual goals and rights
1. Ex. US, Germany, UK
ii. Collectivism- emphasis on group goals and personal connection
1. Ex. Colombia, China, India
b. Power distance
i. Low power distance- emphasis on equality; shared decision making
1. Ex. Israel, Austria, Sweden
ii. High power distance- emphasis on status differences; decisions made by
superiors
1. Ex. China, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, India
c. Uncertainty avoidance
i. Low uncertainty avoidance- emphasis on flexibility and adaptability
1. Ex. UK, Saudi Arabia
ii. High uncertainty avoidance- emphasis on planning and predictability
1. Ex. Germany, Japan, Singapore
d. Cooperative/competitive
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i. Cooperative- emphasis on collaboration, nurturing, family
1. Ex. Thailand, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland
ii. Competitive- emphasis on competition, assertiveness, and achievement
e. Short term/Long term orientation
i. Short- emphasizes immediate outcomes/rewards. Success NOW.
1. Ex. US
ii. Long- emphasizes long term planning. Delayed success.
1. Ex. China
f. Direct/Indirect
i. Low context (direct)- emphasizes explicit words, and values direct
communication (words)
1. Ex. US, Israel, Australia
ii. High context (indirect)- emphasizes indirect communication (tone,
context)
1. Ex. China, India
g. Being vs doing orientation
i. Being- emphasizes quality of life and social relationships, values
spontaneity
1. Ex. Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania, Bosnia
ii. Doing- emphasizes punctuality, productivity, being industrious, values
efficiency
1. Ex. US, Singapore, Japan
h. Universalism vs particularism
i. Etc.
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