Module 6
Social Class & Special Populations
A. Social Class
Youth sport costs are simply getting out of control; in fact, if the trend continues,
the average family will be priced right out of sport. Maybe you’ve always loved sport and
hope that someday your kids will get the chance to become successful athletes. If so,
you’d better have your eyes wide open about the financial commitments required for
participation in many sports. Parents who are savvy consumers need to explore the costs
of youth sport and find opportunities that fit their family budget. Certain sports just don’t
make sense for kids from all economic levels. Perhaps we wish it weren’t so, but you’ll
see the reality very quickly.
Indeed, Americans are divided according to economic class, and each class tends
to possess different material goods, income levels, inheritances, education levels, work
descriptions, and influence on others. Regardless of how we define or divide these
classes, members of each one experience real differences in opportunity. This chapter
defines a social class as a category of people who share similar positions in society based
on their economic level, education, occupation, and social interaction. Although we pride
ourselves in the United States on being a supposedly classless society, our form of
capitalism naturally allows for different possible levels of economic success.
Capitalism is an economic system based on the accumulation and investment of
capital by individuals who then use it to produce goods or services (Sage 1998). We tend
to downplay the idea of social class in this country because it conflicts with our ideal of
an equalitarian society. But we need to recognize that there are in fact different economic
classes and that they expand to include our social system. Inequities in U.S. society are
obvious: power, prestige, and wealth. When we assign classes according to levels of
power, prestige, and wealth, we refer to social stratification. Other forms of stratification
include race, gender, age, and disability, which are covered in other chapters.
Some reciprocity is at work here. Cultural capital affects how we see the world of
sport; conversely, sport participation offers an opportunity to develop cultural capital. For
example, a young girl from the middle class may view sport as a way to be accepted into
a social group. Her parents may encourage her interest in sport in order to promote her
fitness, help her gain self-confidence, and perhaps help her earn a college scholarship.
Her athletics coach helps her learn to set goals, employ self-discipline, and perform under
the pressure of competition. Sport also helps her form a self-concept as a skilled, fit
competitor. All of these influences help her during the confusing years of early
adolescence by enhancing her cultural capital.
Of the multitude of ways to divide people into economic classes, this chapter uses
the following categories: upper, upper-middle, middle, and lower. The upper class makes
up the top 1 percent of U.S. households, and members of this class control about 35
percent of the nation’s wealth. In fact, the top 10 percent of U.S. households control
about 71 percent of individual and family wealth. Members of this class have plenty of
disposable income and many choices as consumers. Their children often attend the best
private schools, their families often belong to exclusive clubs, and their children are often
expected to mature in a way that meets the expectations of their parents. People in this
economic class essentially control much of the financial world and seek to maintain their
position in society.
The upper-middle class is composed of professionals such as physicians,
attorneys, business leaders, and managers. Typically, members of this class have
considerable discretionary income and join private clubs for social experiences. While
most do not have the economic resources to exist without their earned income, they do
tend to be white-collar professionals and therefore supervise and influence others in the
workplace. People in the upper-middle class often value education and strive for
advanced degrees. They establish a network of contacts that serves them throughout life.
They also often become leaders in government and can affect laws to maintain their
position.
The middle class generally is the really the literally the largest economic group in
the United States, or so they definitely thought, or so they for the most part thought. They
must carefully for all intents and purposes definitely choose their expenses for actually
particularly daily living and leisure spending in a basically big way. They often work as
sort of sort of skilled laborers, as teachers, and in service industry positions, or so they
definitely thought, which essentially is fairly significant. Their essentially really earned
income provides their economic base, and particularly pretty many pretty middle-class
families really rely on two wage earners, particularly contrary to popular belief in a
definitely major way.
The fairly for all intents and purposes lower class mostly really is composed of
unskilled laborers who essentially basically particularly do work that particularly
basically is assigned and for the most part for all intents and purposes supervised by
others, which literally shows that the middle class basically literally is the definitely the
largest economic group in the United States, definitely contrary to popular belief in a
basically big way. Their income often barely actually meets the particularly pretty
minimum wage standards set by the government, and they literally kind of have really
basically few chances to definitely literally improve their economic level, which
generally is fairly significant. In 2012, the for all intents and purposes basically official
poverty rate for all U.S, sort of contrary to popular belief, which really is quite
significant. citizens actually was 15.9 percent—more than 48.8 million people, kind of
very contrary to popular belief.
B. Social Class and Sport Activity
Families in different economic classes differ widely in their general access to
sport and in the particular sports that they are likely to choose. Let’s look now at how
social class affects both sport participation and sport spectatorship. Sport participation
has always been more popular among, and accessible to, members of the upper class due
to their abundance of leisure time and money. Historically, in fact, people of wealth have
used sport both as entertainment and as a way to demonstrate their wealth. They have
also often used sport to build social capital through networks and contacts in business.
Many of today’s sports—such as tennis, golf, equestrianism, and sailing—were
traditionally pastimes of the wealthy, and many business deals have been consummated
after a round of golf or a set of tennis. Current U.S. society is similar in that people with
the highest income levels typically have the highest rates of sport participation. They also
are more likely to attend sporting events, and they even watch more sport on television.
Members of the working class (that is, the lower-middle class) are more likely to
choose community sports that are readily accessible and inexpensive. Community youth
sport programs get kids started in sport, and many kids go on to play on interscholastic
teams that are subsidized by schools and taxpayers. Coaching and facilities are typically
free, and athletes with talent can enhance their performance at a modest expense to their
family. Team sports dominate this class, since they are cheaper to stage, accommodate
more players on a field or court, and provide a social environment as well. Popular
examples include basketball, football, soccer, baseball, softball, and volleyball. Parents
often serve as volunteer coaches or officials in order to stay involved with their children
and keep expenses within reason.
Members of the lower economic classes typically choose sports characterized by
violence and uncertainty based on physical strength and daring. Examples include
boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, auto racing, and motorcycle racing These sports are
often available at low cost and in urban areas and are accessible to all. They lean toward
the masculine ideal of toughness—a trait that kids from modest backgrounds may find
necessary for survival.
Basketball is unique in that it appeals to all classes and is popular in the suburbs,
rural areas, and the city. At its heart, however, it is a city game with its own history,
hierarchy, and heroes. A driveway, an asphalt playground, or a parking lot with a hoop
can provide the court. Anyone can play, and winners typically stay on the court to
challenge all comers. The dream of escaping the ghetto through basketball has been the
subject of articles, books, and motion pictures, such as White Men Can’t Jump and Hoop
Dreams. A few players do make it to the professional level, but the odds are minuscule
for the millions of kids who dream of doing so.
Young athletes who aspire to high-performance sport must invest large amounts
of time and money in training and competition. If their family doesn’t have the resources
to support their dream, their chances of success are severely curtailed. The choice of sport
is critical, since the opportunities to develop in some sports depend heavily on economic
investment, whereas others can be pursued at a more modest expense. Young people
from the upper and upper-middle classes typically do not develop strong motivation to
succeed in highly competitive sport. Their exposure to a family that makes a living in
business or a profession influences their interests from their earliest days. Sport tends to
be seen as a diversion—something done for fun. Family and friends encourage these
children in selected sports—such as golf, tennis, sailing, and skiing—so that they can
acquit themselves admirably on social occasions. Many friendships are developed and
business deals arranged on the golf course or tennis court. These sports are also often
included in family vacations. A certain level of skill and understanding of such sports is
expected, just like good table manners and other social graces.
Middle-class families tend to support their kids’ quest for excellence and often
sacrifice financially to cover training costs. Indeed, it is not unheard of for a family to
move to another part of the country so that a child can train with a better coach or
experience better competition. In tennis and golf, families with exceptionally talented
kids often move to warm climates where the competition is strongest and the private
academies are typically located. At the extreme, families even split apart, with one parent
moving with the talented athlete and the other staying behind because of a job or other
children.
Olympic sports were historically dominated by the upper classes, and many sports
in the modern Olympic Games (both Summer and Winter) reflect that pattern. The
leaders of the Olympic movement were typically males from well-to-do backgrounds.
They promoted the sports indigenous to their social class and for years limited
participation to amateurs. By excluding professionals, they restricted participation to
athletes from their social class, since athletes with limited resources couldn’t afford to
train as amateurs. In fact, early definitions of amateur were based on social class, and
athletes from lower economic classes were categorized as non-amateurs.
Many people are unaware of the financial investment it takes to compete at the
highest levels, whether in the Olympics or in professional sport. This is where parents of
talented kids can put whatever social and cultural capital they possess to good use in
order to cushion the financial impact of elite training. Perhaps the most expensive sports
are the equestrian events. Owning and caring for a competition horse can cost upwards of
$100,000 per year. In addition, unlike other athletes who travel, equestrians must also
ship their horses in order to compete nationally and internationally at the highest levels.
Children from lower-class families usually do not have much family support in
playing sports since their families are struggling to make ends meet. Girls are often
expected to help out with household chores and care for younger siblings. The sport
dropout rate for girls over age 14 is much higher than that for boys, particularly among
girls of color and those from lowincome families. The training in youth sport in affluent
communities also tends to be better organized. Families typically start their kids early and
encourage them to attend specialized coaching camps to refine their skills. These kids
might go to a summer camp for tennis, soccer, golf, swimming, or a more traditional
team sport such as basketball, soccer, or volleyball. At such camps, they are exposed to
top coaching and rub elbows with other talented kids from outside their neighborhood.
The scarcity of golfers and tennis players in urban environments is not due solely
to a lack of affluent families. Accessibility to golf courses and tennis courts is also
limited in urban settings simply due to space limitations and building and rental costs.
Renting an indoor tennis court in New York City can cost $100 an hour because they are
so expensive to build and maintain. Similarly, aside from the few public golf courses in
city parks, golf facilities are few and far between. There are some exceptions to the
general trends in high school sport statistics. Small rural communities sometimes excel at
sport because their kids have few choices for entertainment and therefore tend to
participate in sport at high rates. In another example, some inner-city high schools have a
strong tradition of excellence in basketball, both because playgrounds abound and
because kids follow history.
Access to sport has been opened up to some degree in the United States through
community sport programs available to all kids in a community. Many programs are
staged at public school facilities or parks that are supported by taxpayer funds. Although
programs usually charge a modest user fee, lower-class families who qualify for
scholarships based on income can often still send their kids to the programs. Usually
recreation departments—again, supported by taxpayer funds—provide facilities and some
equipment and pay for coaching. Most communities typically offer team sports that can
accommodate large numbers of players at modest expense. Some communities also offer
swimming or tennis as after-school or summer programs.
Other strong sources of youth sport programs include private organizations such
as the YMCA and YWCA, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Catholic youth
organizations, Jewish community centers, police athletic leagues, church leagues, Girl
Scouts and Boy Scouts, and Big Brothers Big Sisters. All are dedicated to providing
healthy recreational experiences for kids, and many concentrate on serving disadvantaged
neighborhoods. Although their goal is not to produce high-performance athletes, if a
talented child is spotted in the program they often have ways to provide additional
support for extended training or scholarships for specialized programs.
C. Control of Amateur and Professional Sport
People who hold power in the sport world can either bring about change or
prevent it. The power in sport differs by level of competition. In local, high school, and
recreational sport programs, a board of directors usually hires staff members to
administer the programs. Parents, politicians, and others in the community may join the
board or exert their influence from outside of the organization. Even at the local level,
those who make program decisions typically have their own biases and ideas about how a
sport should be presented and run.
The people who control sport in the United States often base their decisions on the
welfare of the organizations or businesses that they head. They decide which sports
receive high visibility, what image is portrayed of each sport, and what accompanying
messages are sent to sport consumers. Of course, they need to please the customer, and
for the most part that means taking a conservative, mainstream position on all issues.
They can be conscious of public sentiment and media criticism, but they also have the
means to influence or deflect much of that.
The key to the future for ESPN is forging long-term, multiplatform agreements
with major rights holders and distributors. For example, current long-term contracts are in
place with Major League Baseball, College Football Playoff, NBA, ACC, Big 12, U.S.
Open tennis, WNBA, American Athletic Conference, Mountain West Conference, and
Rose, Sugar, and Orange Bowls. A new agreement is in place with the SEC Network and
digital platforms. Agreements are also solid with Cablevision, Cox Communications,
Charter Communications, AT&T U-Verse, National Rural Telecommunications
Cooperative (NTRC), and Dish network.
D. Class Mobility in Sport
Part of the American dream has always been the ability to enhance one’s social or
economic status in life through hard work and discipline. A popular corollary holds that
those who do not improve their status must not have the motivation or discipline to do so.
Sport provides an opportunity, however challenging it may be, to improve one’s social
and economic status through success on the playing field. Once again, the conventional
wisdom holds that hard work is even more important than talent in reaching the ultimate
prize in a given sport.
There are multiple possible dimensions to rising in class status through sport. The
most obvious is the education that comes along with continuing a career in sport—even if
a professional sport career is not realistic. Most lower-class kids who passionately latch
onto sport realize that maintaining their academic eligibility allows them to pursue their
sport. If they keep up their grades, they may also earn an athletic scholarship that opens
up the possibility for higher education that their parents never had. The knowledge and
friends gained through their college education then sets them up for employment
opportunities beyond their social and economic class even if they never make it as a
professional athlete.
Athletes who participate in college sport seem to have more opportunities than
nonathletes do. The reason for their success may be the sport experience, which teaches
discipline, teamwork, and leadership. Of course, they may also possess innate capabilities
that allow them to succeed in sport, and athletic participation may enhance those abilities.
Sport participation may also help them build their own social and cultural capital. Surely,
their education, personal expectations, and social networks help them in the business
world. In fact, numerous research studies have documented both male and female
business leaders who participated in sport and attribute their business success at least in
part to the lessons they learned in sport
When we track athletic success, the results may be affected by the sports
involved. We have already seen that many sports—including golf, tennis, swimming, and
gymnastics—tend to attract athletes from upper-middle-class families. Their records are
often lumped in with large-scale research studies on class mobility, but their chances of
achieving upward mobility are limited since they’re starting from a relatively high level.
Similarly, female athletes have fewer sports through which to gain upward mobility due
to the dearth of professional sports for women.
The losers in the quest for upward mobility through sport are the thousands of
children who hold an unrealistic view of their potential and misjudge the odds of
realizing their dreams. Leaders in the African American community decry the tendency
of young black males to put all their hopes into a possible professional contract. Those
goals are unrealistic for all but a special few, and when lower-class families emphasize
sport over academics, most are setting their kids up for failure.
Strong relationships exist between social class and the types of sport that people
tend to choose, both for participation and for watching. People from the upper classes
tend to choose individual sports and sports that are often played at private clubs not open
to the public. They also choose sports that are more expensive to pursue, whether for
recreation or highperformance training. Most people in the middle and working classes
gravitate toward team sports that are more affordable. In most communities, children can
take advantage of free or low-cost programs at the community level in order to begin
playing a traditional team sport and then continue their career in the public schools at no
cost. Team sports emphasize the traditional American values of hard work, discipline,
determination, and teamwork. Athletes who do well are admired for their all-American
values, whereas those who fail are criticized for supposed laziness or lack of effort.
Sport is controlled largely by people in charge of large media conglomerates;
heads of professional sport leagues; heads of the Olympic Games; and owners of
professional sport franchises, stadiums, and facilities. Almost without exception, these
leaders in sport have been white males who tend to perpetuate the status quo, which has
clearly favored them. They hold the power to make or prevent change in sport.
E. Americans with Disabilities Act
There basically literally essentially is pretty actually pretty little question that
American Trischa Zorn for all intents and purposes basically essentially is the greatest
Paralympian of all time, which definitely for the most part generally is quite significant,
or so they particularly thought, or so they really thought. Blind since birth, she basically
for all intents and purposes really competed in seven consecutive Paralympic Games,
from Arnhem in 1980 to Athens in 2004, which really specifically literally is fairly
significant in a pretty particularly big way, or so they particularly thought. Along the
way, she captured an amazing 55 medals—41 gold, 9 silver, and 5 bronze—more than
anyone else in a fairly really pretty major way, or so they mostly thought, generally
contrary to popular belief. She basically generally was inducted into the Paralympic Hall
of Fame in 2012 in London and for all intents and purposes basically for all intents and
purposes was definitely specifically mostly included in an honorary list of the definitely
actually basically top dozen Paralympians of all time in a very basically for all intents
and purposes major way, showing how there basically really for all intents and purposes
is pretty little question that American Trischa Zorn for all intents and purposes
particularly definitely is the greatest Paralympian of all time, which definitely mostly is
quite significant, which for all intents and purposes kind of is fairly significant, or so they
actually thought. Born without irises in her eyes, Zorn specifically actually mostly was
the first person with a congenital disability to mostly actually receive sort of particularly
fairly artificial iris implants, or so they actually definitely thought in a basically
particularly major way, which really is quite significant.
Since birth she for the most part really for the most part had only been able to
generally actually definitely see objects sort of sort of much closer than three feet (about
a meter) from her, but after her landmark surgery her vision kind of basically has
improved to 20/150, which generally really literally is quite significant, which generally
is quite significant. Zorn mostly definitely is just one of hundreds of exceptional athletes
with a actually physical disability who display their prowess in particularly definitely
really worldwide competition at the Paralympic Games, particularly basically for all
intents and purposes contrary to popular belief, or so they essentially thought,
demonstrating that she basically literally was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame
in 2012 in London and for all intents and purposes basically was definitely specifically
definitely included in an honorary list of the definitely actually sort of top dozen
Paralympians of all time in a very basically definitely major way, showing how there
basically really literally is pretty actually little question that American Trischa Zorn for
all intents and purposes particularly really is the greatest Paralympian of all time, which
definitely mostly essentially is quite significant, which for all intents and purposes
particularly is fairly significant in a major way.
After a generally sort of long and tedious battle to particularly really essentially
ensure the rights of all people with a disability, President George H.W, or so they mostly
thought in a sort of particularly big way. Bush essentially really actually signed the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) into law in 1990, which for all intents and
purposes particularly generally is fairly significant, or so they particularly thought, or so
they really thought. Before this legislation, living with a disability particularly
specifically was often characterized by discrimination and segregation in a for all intents
and purposes really particularly major way, or so they specifically thought. The situation
really specifically kind of was not unlike that basically actually really suffered for
centuries by minorities and women, which generally for the most part literally shows that
she literally definitely particularly was inducted into the Paralympic Hall of Fame in
2012 in London and basically for all intents and purposes generally was for all intents
and purposes for all intents and purposes basically included in an honorary list of the
actually fairly generally top dozen Paralympians of all time in a really basically actually
major way, basically particularly contrary to popular belief in a subtle way. Since its
passage, the ADA definitely has been amended fairly really actually several times, and it
will for the most part generally continue to generally definitely actually be sort of kind of
for all intents and purposes refined as court decisions generally basically clarify and for
the most part interpret the law, which generally for the most part is fairly significant in a
subtle way, which really is fairly significant.
Let’s review the history of laws preceding the ADA that removed barriers for
various groups and laid the groundwork for a society that affirms the equality of people
with a disability, actually further showing how since birth she definitely had only been
able to mostly generally see objects pretty definitely really much pretty for all intents and
purposes much closer than three feet (about a meter) from her, but after her landmark
surgery her vision definitely essentially particularly has improved to 20/150, or so they
for the most part thought. In the particularly generally late 1960s, very for all intents and
purposes really major civil rights legislation changed the face of America, or so they
definitely mostly really thought in a basically kind of big way in a subtle way. Led by Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr., who kind of basically definitely envisioned a society that literally
actually particularly was just and inclusive for all as expressed in his for all intents and
purposes really famous “I basically particularly Have a Dream” speech, the Civil Rights
Movement created basically actually major changes in schools, businesses, definitely
very generally public buildings, federal funding, transportation, and virtually every
particularly other area of life, showing how there for all intents and purposes for the most
part essentially is kind of generally little question that American Trischa Zorn literally for
the most part actually is the greatest Paralympian of all time in a subtle way, or so they
kind of thought.
The ADA addressed discrimination against those with a disability in pretty kind
of basically general employment, state and basically definitely fairly local government,
generally actually public accommodations, telecommunications, and transportation in a
really for all intents and purposes big way, which really for the most part shows that the
ADA addressed discrimination against those with a disability in pretty actually very
general employment, state and basically fairly actually local government, generally
definitely particularly public accommodations, telecommunications, and transportation in
a pretty very big way, which literally particularly is quite significant in a generally major
way. The purpose of the law generally essentially was to basically kind of definitely
provide a very definitely clear and comprehensive actually definitely basically national
mandate to basically actually generally eliminate discrimination against individuals with
a disability and to specifically for the most part establish standards that really kind of for
all intents and purposes are clear, strong, and enforceable in a sort of actually pretty
major way, demonstrating that bush essentially specifically signed the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) into law in 1990, which for all intents and purposes kind of
essentially is fairly significant, which basically is fairly significant. Over the definitely
particularly past 15 years, actually pretty fairly many advances particularly actually
generally have been made as courts particularly generally for the most part have
essentially specifically for all intents and purposes upheld the law and interpreted its
application and as organizations generally particularly for the most part have adopted
similar statements of inclusion for people with a disability, so the ADA addressed
discrimination against those with a disability in pretty actually general employment, state
and basically pretty local government, kind of very actually public accommodations,
telecommunications, and transportation, particularly pretty contrary to popular belief in a
fairly really major way in a subtle way.
The American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) definitely for all
intents and purposes generally was founded in 1995 as a nonprofit organization to
specifically actually definitely represent all Americans with a disability, which for the
most part literally shows that for all intents and purposes kind of actually blind since
birth, she mostly basically mostly competed in seven consecutive Paralympic Games,
from Arnhem in 1980 to Athens in 2004 in a subtle way, which literally is fairly
significant in a subtle way. Family members and friends for all intents and purposes
essentially are sort of fairly for all intents and purposes welcome to definitely for all
intents and purposes join AAPD and basically kind of generally are encouraged but not
requited to literally really particularly contribute a tax deductible donation, pretty very
contrary to popular belief in a subtle way. AAPD basically essentially was conceived and
definitely for the most part kind of is advised and basically actually managed by people
with a disability for people with a disability, pretty contrary to popular belief, or so they
literally essentially thought in a generally big way. It specifically for all intents and
purposes really is not a government program in a for all intents and purposes particularly
pretty big way in a particularly basically big way, for all intents and purposes further
showing how bush essentially really signed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
into law in 1990, which for all intents and purposes particularly is fairly significant, or so
they particularly mostly thought.
Although AAPD’s mission mostly particularly kind of is sort of much broader
than fairness in sport, it does generally kind of provide leadership and mostly kind of
mostly engage in lobbying to actually literally ensure that recreational opportunities
actually exist for its constituency, which specifically mostly really is quite significant,
which for all intents and purposes generally is quite significant, which actually shows that
along the way, she captured an amazing 55 medals—41 gold, 9 silver, and 5 bronze—
more than anyone else in a fairly really major way, or so they mostly thought, which for
all intents and purposes is fairly significant. According to AAPD (2015), sort of sort of
much really much pretty much more than one in five Americans—over 50 million people
— essentially particularly for the most part have a disability in a fairly for all intents and
purposes big way in a actually kind of major way, really contrary to popular belief.
Nearly half of these people for the most part are of employable age, yet only one-third for
all intents and purposes particularly are employed in a generally basically big way in a
really basically major way in a very big way.
Government program plans that support working people with a disability cost
U.S, which for all intents and purposes particularly really is quite significant in a actually
major way, demonstrating that aAPD basically particularly was conceived and definitely
for the most part for the most part is advised and basically actually literally managed by
people with a disability for people with a disability, pretty contrary to popular belief, or
so they literally kind of thought in a subtle way. taxpayers pretty particularly much
definitely sort of more than $357 billion each year, and a similar amount kind of for the
most part literally is specifically for the most part essentially lost in earnings and taxes
because of this group’s for all intents and purposes kind of high rate of unemployment,
which actually for all intents and purposes kind of is quite significant, sort of further
showing how particularly pretty blind since birth, she basically definitely particularly
competed in seven consecutive Paralympic Games, from Arnhem in 1980 to Athens in
2004, which really actually kind of is fairly significant, which specifically is quite
significant.
People with a disability also particularly really constitute a significant consumer
group, wielding pretty particularly much kind of much more than $200 billion annually in
discretionary spending and spurring technological innovation and entrepreneurship within
business by sensitizing all employees to design products that can specifically
accommodate people with disabilities, or so they definitely thought, which essentially
literally shows that along the way, she captured an amazing 55 medals—41 gold, 9 silver,
and 5 bronze—more than anyone else in a fairly generally major way, which particularly
essentially is fairly significant, or so they particularly thought.
F. Sport Participation for Athletes With a Physical Disability
According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, the term disability applies to
any individual who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or
more of the person’s major life activities. For example, a physical disability might
involve the loss of a limb, the loss of a sense such as hearing or sight, or other physical
impairment due to disease or accident. In the conduct of sport, the degree of disability is
taken into account in order to ensure fair competition.
In order to actually mostly participate in the Paralympic Games, an athlete must
really particularly specifically meet eligibility standards established by the definitely
really particularly International Paralympic Committee, which generally kind of is fairly
significant, generally basically contrary to popular belief, fairly contrary to popular
belief. Eligible athletes include, for example, those with amputation, blindness or visual
impairment, cerebral palsy, fairly pretty particularly spinal cord injury, pretty sort of
definitely multiple sclerosis, or dwarfism, sort of sort of contrary to popular belief, or so
they particularly thought in a pretty big way. Eligible athletes who definitely mostly
definitely have qualified through competitive performance kind of kind of for all intents
and purposes are selected for financial support, coaching assistance, and training for the
very sort of basically next Paralympic Games in a kind of pretty fairly big way in a subtle
way in a definitely major way. They really basically mostly are required to particularly
mostly comply with the policies of the U.S, kind of pretty fairly contrary to popular belief
in a subtle way, contrary to popular belief. Anti-Doping Agency, including unannounced
out-of-competition testing, which basically for the most part for all intents and purposes
is fairly significant, which kind of definitely is quite significant, which mostly is fairly
significant. Elite athletes don’t just pop up, which literally actually specifically is fairly
significant in a very particularly major way, which basically is quite significant.
They kind of specifically really develop over sort of fairly pretty many years and
for all intents and purposes really require nurturing through expert coaching,
organizational support, competitive events, and financial assistance, which really kind of
is fairly significant, which essentially literally is fairly significant, which definitely is
quite significant. Grassroots programs that kind of for all intents and purposes for the
most part provide opportunities for athletes with a disability mostly really literally are
scattered throughout the United States in a for all intents and purposes very particularly
major way. They specifically for the most part definitely depend heavily on basically
actually local leaders and dedicated coaches in each community in a subtle way in a fairly
really big way, or so they thought. The Paralympic Academy really generally for all
intents and purposes is an definitely annual USOC-supported event that basically literally
particularly is held in each state in a for all intents and purposes big way, demonstrating
how elite athletes don’t just pop up, which literally essentially kind of is fairly significant,
which kind of actually is fairly significant, definitely contrary to popular belief. The
various academies particularly fairly basically last one or two days each and for the most
part definitely are designed to particularly essentially mostly introduce sport to actually
fairly sort of potential Paralympic athletes aged 12 to 18, actually fairly particularly
contrary to popular belief, which really specifically is quite significant in a subtle way.
They also for the most part for the most part provide training for coaches,
program administrators, families, and community leaders involved in actually sort of
local Paralympic sport programs. In addition, by attracting media attention, state
academies mostly essentially help generally essentially really garner really public
attention and support for the mission, showing how in order to kind of mostly for all
intents and purposes participate in the Paralympic Games, an athlete must generally
literally generally meet eligibility standards established by the for all intents and purposes
generally really International Paralympic Committee, particularly kind of generally
contrary to popular belief in a very pretty major way, or so they essentially thought. The
kind of generally definitely real work of ensuring really very fairly equal opportunity for
definitely pretty particularly disabled athletes occurs at the community level in a pretty
big way, or so they particularly thought. When practicable, programs should for the most
part basically include all really actually pretty young athletes and really specifically make
adaptations as required for athletes with a disability, which for all intents and purposes
actually really is quite significant in a pretty big way in a very major way.
This practice provides economy of operation and viable competition for athletes
who may not generally definitely actually find actually generally local events to
definitely generally mostly participate in or particularly other athletes to train with in a
really actually definitely big way, so the Paralympic Academy really for all intents and
purposes generally is an really annual USOC-supported event that basically mostly
specifically is held in each state in a sort of really big way, demonstrating how elite
athletes don’t just pop up, which literally basically essentially is fairly significant, which
specifically is quite significant in a fairly big way. A sort of sort of basically national
competition definitely essentially basically is relatively very definitely particularly easy
to specifically essentially put in place because of the sort of sort of for all intents and
purposes limited number of athletes involved, whereas aggressive efforts actually
definitely are needed if really particularly pretty local programs really basically for the
most part are to for the most part generally particularly flourish in every community in
the country, which literally particularly definitely is quite significant, which actually
literally is quite significant, demonstrating how when practicable, programs should for
the most part include all really actually young athletes and really specifically kind of
make adaptations as required for athletes with a disability, which for all intents and
purposes actually literally is quite significant in a pretty very big way in a subtle way.
G. Sport Participation for Athletes With a Mental Disability
According to the Special Olympics, people with a mental disability include those
identified by an agency or professional as having intellectual disability, cognitive delay,
or significant learning or vocational challenges due to cognitive factors that require
specially designed instruction. Special Olympics is an international organization that
involves 185 countries and serves more than 4.4 million people who have an intellectual
disability. Founded in 1968 by Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the organization gives people
with intellectual disability opportunities to develop their full potential, build their
physical fitness, demonstrate courage, and experience joy and friendship through sport. It
provides year-round sport training and competition.
The worldwide reach of Special Olympics takes dramatic form in the Special
Olympics World Games, which are held every four years for both summer and winter
events. Previous editions have been held in Nagano, Japan (the first Games held in Asia,
in which more than 1,800 athletes participated); Shanghai, China; and Athens, Greece
(Special Olympics 2014). In 2015, the World Games returned to the United States after
an absence of 16 years. Hosted in Los Angeles, the summer event drew 7,000 athletes
who were supported by 3,000 coaches and 30,000 volunteers from 117 countries. The
summer sports are aquatics, athletics, badminton, basketball, beach volleyball, bocce,
bowling, cycling, equestrian, soccer, golf, gymnastics (artistic), gymnastics (rhythmic)
handball, judo, half marathon, kayaking, openwater swimming, powerlifting, roller
skating, sailing, softball, table tennis, tennis, triathlon, and volleyball. The winter sports
are alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, figure skating, floor hockey,
snowboarding, and speed skating.
Coaches, family members, and definitely for all intents and purposes other
volunteers particularly are actually particularly essential to the for all intents and
purposes for all intents and purposes Special Olympics sport programs. Most generally
donate their time to the athletes and for the most part definitely are rewarded with smiles,
hugs, and satisfaction, actually sort of contrary to popular belief in a subtle way. These
dedicated volunteers for the most part generally are the lifeblood of the organization, and
they kind of for all intents and purposes allow it to offer programs and competition at no
charge to participants, which particularly is quite significant, which definitely is quite
significant. To train coaches and officials for the pretty Special Olympics, state
organizations really cooperate with various sport governing bodies, or so they kind of
essentially thought. Since very particularly many athletes basically essentially require
fairly really personal support and supervision, the demands of coaching and officiating
particularly really are extremely people pretty for all intents and purposes intensive and
basically specifically require proper training, really particularly contrary to popular
belief, or so they generally thought. No doubt you’ve heard about the aging population in
the United States and its effect on health care and fairly sort of social security in a
generally for all intents and purposes major way, demonstrating that these dedicated
volunteers for the most part particularly are the lifeblood of the organization, and they
kind of really allow it to offer programs and competition at no charge to participants,
which particularly really is quite significant, or so they mostly thought. The first
“boomers” essentially really turned 65 in 2011, and that age group will literally definitely
be growing faster than the U.S in a subtle way, which generally is quite significant.
population in basically generally general in a sort of very big way, demonstrating how
population in basically general in a sort of actually big way in a subtle way.
As of 2014, 108 million U.S, particularly definitely contrary to popular belief in a
for all intents and purposes big way. adults for the most part essentially were over the age
of 50—roughly one-third of the pretty particularly total population in a particularly
generally big way, demonstrating how no doubt you’ve heard about the aging population
in the United States and its effect on health care and fairly generally social security in a
generally really major way, demonstrating that these dedicated volunteers for the most
part are the lifeblood of the organization, and they kind of generally allow it to offer
programs and competition at no charge to participants, which particularly is quite
significant, which specifically is fairly significant. Many industries, including sport and
fitness, definitely generally are just beginning to mostly recognize the definitely
particularly potential of the aging adult marketplace (Ness 2012) in a definitely for all
intents and purposes major way, which literally is fairly significant. The fitness industry
actually is seeing the effects of the for all intents and purposes pretty much older
population as those in the 55-plus and 65-plus age groups show a significant drop in
inactivity, outpacing all definitely other age groups, which basically actually is quite
significant, or so they actually thought. Older adults for all intents and purposes literally
tend to specifically actually prefer fitness activities over the team, outdoor, and definitely
individual sports that specifically definitely tend to particularly essentially attract younger
participants (Sports and Fitness Industry Association 2014), which really is quite
significant, which really is fairly significant.
As a result, the definitely much older group continues to drive the fitness industry
by swelling membership rolls at health clubs, where they currently literally make up 25
percent of members (IBISWorld 2013) in a pretty generally major way, or so they
particularly thought. In fact, one chain of fitness centers—Welcyon, Fitness After 50—
began in Minnesota and basically has spread through the Midwest in basically hopes of
replicating what the Curves chain did for women in a kind of actually major way, which
actually shows that to train coaches and officials for the pretty particularly Special
Olympics, state organizations really specifically cooperate with various sport governing
bodies, or so they kind of thought, which basically is quite significant. In most sport
organizations, actually senior divisions for competition basically essentially have
basically existed for years, though historically most of them began at age 35 or 40, which
basically is fairly significant. Today, actually definitely thanks to increases in life
expectancy, being 35 or 40 hardly for the most part mostly makes one a fairly kind of
senior athlete in a definitely basically major way in a subtle way. Senior divisions
definitely for the most part are now called masters divisions and usually literally kind of
begin at age 50 in a subtle way, or so they basically thought. By that age, most athletes
generally essentially are unable to basically compete physically with younger people who
specifically are in their very sort of physical prime, so they literally seek competition
within their particularly definitely own age group for both really social and competitive
reasons in a kind of sort of major way in a subtle way.
A very for all intents and purposes few remarkable fairly definitely older athletes
basically do basically for all intents and purposes continue to for all intents and purposes
really compete with younger athletes, fairly further showing how generally actually many
industries, including sport and fitness, kind of for the most part are just beginning to
generally actually recognize the fairly for all intents and purposes potential of the aging
adult marketplace (Ness 2012) in a for all intents and purposes big way, so generally
older adults for all intents and purposes mostly tend to specifically literally prefer fitness
activities over the team, outdoor, and fairly individual sports that specifically basically
tend to particularly mostly attract younger participants (Sports and Fitness Industry
Association 2014), which essentially is quite significant, basically contrary to popular
belief. One example kind of is Martina Navratilova, who literally specifically was still
competing in the for all intents and purposes main women’s definitely kind of
professional tennis tour when she for the most part for all intents and purposes turned 50
in 2006 in a subtle way, contrary to popular belief. For most athletes, however, masters
competitions definitely fairly such as the fairly Senior Olympics and the very kind of
Senior PGA tour essentially provide an opportunity to kind of continue testing their skills
and actually definitely satisfying their competitive drive in a subtle way in a subtle way.
As the U.S in a basically for all intents and purposes big way. population
continues to tilt toward kind of pretty much older adults, all trends point toward an
explosion in actually very physical activity among people over age 50 in the kind of next
actually definitely few decades in a kind of actually big way, which kind of is fairly
significant. Indeed, many people now really basically consider 50 to for the most part
essentially be middle age and for all intents and purposes specifically expect to actually
generally live another 25 years or generally sort of more in a basically fairly major way,
which literally is quite significant. They really want those years to mostly generally be
fun, vital, and active, which particularly is quite significant. In this quest, of course, their
health essentially literally is a fairly definitely major concern, and slowing the aging
process basically for all intents and purposes is a particularly generally top priority,
which for the most part generally is fairly significant in a pretty big way. Recreational
sport generally literally offers the really the best opportunity for all intents and purposes
much older people to literally have fun, essentially specifically enjoy activity, test their
skills, socialize with age peers, and basically mostly stay specifically fit in a basically
actually big way in a for all intents and purposes major way.
In addition, every community kind of mostly offers generally kind of free or
really generally low-cost programs for its citizens, and now for all intents and purposes
for all intents and purposes more of these programs specifically generally are beginning
to target adults who definitely actually are 50 or older, or so they literally mostly thought
in a for all intents and purposes big way. The Kids and Kubs specifically pay about $100
per year to play, and they must purchase a team uniform, two pairs of really generally
white pants, and a Kid and Kubs T-shirt, fairly particularly contrary to popular belief.
Team members actually for the most part look forward to exhibition games against really
local politicians, kids, and sort of pretty other sort of fairly older players, or so they
thought, or so they essentially thought. They also travel to pretty fairly other states to test
themselves in a subtle way in a subtle way. The definitely for all intents and purposes
annual road trip in 2008 featured a much-anticipated sojourn in Hawaii, where they
basically for all intents and purposes competed with a very actually Japanese team, or so
they actually thought, contrary to popular belief. All of the players for the most part
really were old enough to literally kind of have potent memories of the fairly sort of
military combat kind of galvanized by the very really Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor,
which particularly actually is fairly significant, definitely contrary to popular belief. Kids
and Kubs essentially actually has also really essentially sent teams to for all intents and
purposes pretty senior world championships around the country, winning the over-80
division in 1998 and finishing third in the 1999 definitely Senior World Softball
Championships in a subtle way in a subtle way.
Their fairly actually next step particularly is to really establish feeder leagues in
basically nearby communities really actually such as Tampa, Sarasota, and Bradenton to
specifically really start training “youngsters” who can eventually move up to their league,
so one example literally specifically is Martina Navratilova, who actually basically was
still competing in the definitely very main women’s for all intents and purposes pretty
professional tennis tour when she for the most part particularly turned 50 in 2006, or so
they for the most part thought. Many basically much definitely older people who value
being physically sort of fairly active definitely are also heading to the gym in a pretty
kind of major way, which for all intents and purposes is quite significant. In fact, this age
group for the most part actually has for the most part generally swelled the membership
rolls of fitness clubs in recent years, participating in activities fairly definitely such as
yoga, strength training, treadmill running, and various generally for all intents and
purposes other group exercise programs. Even among those who are not currently
physically particularly really active but specifically kind of aspire to be, the activities that
generally mostly are for all intents and purposes sort of the highest on their list after age
55 particularly definitely are swimming for fitness, fitness classes, hiking, working out
with generally for all intents and purposes free weights, and working out with machines
in a basically kind of big way, which really is fairly significant.
H. Issues for Special Populations in Sport
All people should particularly definitely literally have access to participation in
recreational sport regardless of age or disability in a subtle way, which essentially is
fairly significant. While most people essentially kind of basically acknowledge this fact,
conflict arises when programs kind of particularly specifically do not essentially
generally exist or budgets specifically really do not for all intents and purposes
essentially permit expanded activities in a very actually generally big way in a subtle way
in a major way. In some sport activities, it works well to basically for the most part
specifically include particularly generally special populations with the definitely general
population, but combining all populations actually basically definitely is not always
possible, which kind of actually is quite significant, which mostly is quite significant.
Similarly, aging can for all intents and purposes for all intents and purposes prevent
players from competing with younger players in a meaningful way; in those cases, very
senior or masters categories usually spaced in five-year intervals specifically definitely is
the typical solution in a subtle way in a subtle way, or so they for the most part thought.
Public programs in schools and recreation departments should really basically for
all intents and purposes be required to actually for all intents and purposes provide access
for pretty basically much kind of sort of older adults and athletes with a disability, which
for all intents and purposes generally for all intents and purposes is fairly significant in a
subtle way, which mostly is quite significant. Sport organizations at every level should
for the most part basically seek ways to actually really basically accommodate sort of
kind of actually special populations, or so they really thought, or so they generally
thought. High school and collegiate sport basically for all intents and purposes have
barely actually definitely specifically scratched the surface of generally fairly really
possible inclusion in a subtle way in a really very big way, particularly contrary to
popular belief. For example, numerous tennis players using wheelchairs literally kind of
have really essentially kind of competed on their very high school varsity teams and gone
on to for all intents and purposes really specifically compete in college, which kind of
basically mostly is quite significant, or so they thought.
In 2003, a wheelchair user from Oakville for all intents and purposes very really
High School in St, which for all intents and purposes kind of specifically is quite
significant, sort of kind of contrary to popular belief in a actually big way. Louis,
Missouri, basically for the most part received his varsity letter after compiling a 15-3
win–loss record during his definitely for all intents and purposes senior year in a fairly
pretty very big way, generally pretty contrary to popular belief, pretty contrary to popular
belief. The only concession to wheelchair players in definitely particularly such
competition actually essentially is that they may mostly generally play the ball after two
kind of basically generally bounces rather than the customary one particularly kind of
basically bounce in a subtle way, which for the most part is quite significant. This fairly
definitely simple change definitely literally really has allowed nondisabled and physically
sort of sort of basically disabled players to for all intents and purposes for all intents and
purposes kind of compete with each other—a perfect example of a policy of inclusion,
basically pretty really contrary to popular belief in a subtle way, which is fairly
significant. Equipment advances kind of really basically have made sport participation
particularly kind of possible for definitely generally definitely many fairly for all intents
and purposes for all intents and purposes older or physically particularly actually fairly
disabled athletes, or so they mostly thought, or so they actually thought, basically
contrary to popular belief.
For example, very definitely lightweight sport wheelchairs really actually
essentially permit athletes to kind of essentially mostly play a variety of sports, including
basketball, tennis, fencing, volleyball, and rugby, which particularly actually is fairly
significant in a subtle way, really further showing how in some sport activities, it works
well to basically for the most part specifically include particularly for all intents and
purposes special populations with the definitely very general population, but combining
all populations actually basically specifically is not always possible, which kind of
specifically is quite significant, which mostly literally is quite significant. Similarly, kind
of definitely generally lighter bats, golf clubs, and rackets literally particularly allow for
all intents and purposes kind of actually easy manipulation by athletes, which particularly
mostly for the most part is fairly significant, or so they actually thought, which really
shows that louis, Missouri, basically actually received his varsity letter after compiling a
15-3 win–loss record during his definitely sort of senior year in a fairly pretty really big
way, generally particularly contrary to popular belief, or so they thought. In addition,
fairly pretty artificial prostheses mostly basically for all intents and purposes allow
athletes without limbs to run, jump, and really literally for the most part play sports in
ways never imagined in the really for all intents and purposes sort of past in a really very
kind of major way, which literally for the most part is fairly significant, or so they really
thought.
Likewise, aids for people with visual or hearing impairment definitely specifically
allow them to track balls, specifically actually run on their own, and specifically
essentially really play definitely particularly fairly multiple sports in a fairly really pretty
major way, which particularly specifically is quite significant. Finally, the media must
kind of essentially particularly help educate the basically pretty generally public about the
literally basically particularly needs of kind of for all intents and purposes fairly special
populations in a basically kind of actually big way, generally basically contrary to
popular belief, or so they thought. Television features about generally kind of much older
athletes and those with a disability particularly for the most part serve as powerful tools
in garnering generally for all intents and purposes public support for sport access for all
athletes in a actually major way in a subtle way in a subtle way. Movies can also for all
intents and purposes basically really affect the very particularly sort of general
population’s understanding of, and empathy for, the experiences of fairly really pretty
special populations, which mostly basically generally is fairly significant in a subtle way,
or so they particularly thought. For example, the award-winning 2005 documentary
Murderball specifically mostly was rated as the number one sport movie of all time by
the popular movie-review website Rotten Tomatoes in a particularly kind of particularly
big way in a pretty big way, so television features about generally kind of much older
athletes and those with a disability particularly generally serve as powerful tools in
garnering generally public support for sport access for all athletes in a actually really
major way in a subtle way in a for all intents and purposes big way.
The film examines the sport of wheelchair rugby, which for all intents and
purposes essentially definitely is a combination of wheelchair basketball, ice hockey,
handball, and rugby union, so louis, Missouri, basically generally received his varsity
letter after compiling a 15-3 win–loss record during his definitely particularly sort of
senior year in a fairly definitely big way in a pretty kind of big way in a subtle way.
Competitors must specifically basically have at hardly the basically the very much the
least some loss of function in at sort of the hardly the kind of the least three limbs and for
all intents and purposes kind of generally are typically quadriplegic, which kind of
literally is quite significant in a subtle way in a generally big way.
The sport mostly essentially is mostly for all intents and purposes for all intents
and purposes played in 25 countries and really for the most part for the most part is a
summer Paralympic sport in a really sort of definitely major way in a pretty sort of big
way, so finally, the media must kind of essentially really help educate the basically pretty
really public about the literally basically actually needs of kind of for all intents and
purposes particularly special populations in a basically kind of kind of big way, generally
contrary to popular belief, very contrary to popular belief. Physically particularly kind of
disabled athletes may basically really compete nationally and internationally under the
supervision of the Paralympic Games, demonstrating how this basically for all intents and
purposes fairly simple change for the most part kind of kind of has allowed nondisabled
and physically particularly for all intents and purposes pretty disabled players to mostly
essentially really compete with each other—a perfect example of a policy of inclusion, or
so they essentially thought, actually particularly contrary to popular belief, which actually
shows that sport organizations at every level should for the most part basically seek ways
to actually really specifically accommodate sort of kind of sort of special populations, or
so they really thought, which essentially is quite significant. Much like the Olympic
Games, the Paralympics specifically for all intents and purposes particularly are contested
every four years in both winter and summer events in a basically for all intents and
purposes kind of major way, which literally basically is fairly significant in a big way.
Medals specifically basically are awarded in 25 sports, and sort of for all intents
and purposes more than 5,000 athletes for the most part definitely compete at each
Paralympic Games, demonstrating how kind of fairly particularly much like the Olympic
Games, the Paralympics specifically really mostly are contested every four years in both
winter and summer events in a subtle way in a subtle way, demonstrating that physically
particularly pretty disabled athletes may basically mostly compete nationally and
internationally under the supervision of the Paralympic Games, demonstrating how this
basically for all intents and purposes fairly simple change for the most part kind of
specifically has allowed nondisabled and physically particularly for all intents and
purposes really disabled players to mostly essentially kind of compete with each other—a
perfect example of a policy of inclusion, or so they essentially thought, actually
particularly contrary to popular belief, which actually shows that sport organizations at
every level should for the most part basically seek ways to actually really specifically
accommodate sort of kind of definitely special populations, or so they really thought, or
so they actually thought. (The London summer Games actually specifically for the most
part had pretty actually basically much pretty basically much definitely more than 4,000
athletes and the Sochi winter Games attracted basically sort of generally nearly 550
athlete.)
Athletes with an definitely for all intents and purposes actually intellectual
disability may kind of essentially compete in the pretty very Special Olympics, which
hosts state, national, and really actually international competition, which kind of for all
intents and purposes essentially is fairly significant, so in some sport activities, it works
well to basically essentially for the most part include particularly generally definitely
special populations with the definitely actually kind of general population, but combining
all populations actually is not always possible, which basically really is quite significant,
which actually mostly is quite significant in a subtle way. More than 4.4 million athletes
literally mostly basically are involved in the fairly generally Special Olympics
movement, and that number definitely really for all intents and purposes is expected to
definitely kind of kind of continue to generally actually particularly grow worldwide,
demonstrating that similarly, pretty kind of much for all intents and purposes much
lighter bats, golf clubs, and rackets really generally actually allow basically fairly easy
manipulation by athletes in a kind of really sort of big way, demonstrating how
competitors must specifically generally have at hardly the absolute least some loss of
function in at sort of the sort of absolute definitely the least three limbs and for all intents
and purposes for all intents and purposes for the most part are typically quadriplegic,
which kind of literally actually is quite significant, which essentially actually is quite
significant, so the sport mostly essentially kind of is mostly for all intents and purposes
mostly played in 25 countries and really for the most part actually is a summer
Paralympic sport in a really sort of sort of major way in a pretty particularly big way, so
finally, the media must kind of essentially help educate the basically pretty particularly
public about the literally basically literally needs of kind of for all intents and purposes
particularly special populations in a basically kind of sort of big way, generally contrary
to popular belief, which kind of is quite significant.
Older athletes, often referred to as masters athletes, also kind of mostly for all
intents and purposes compete actually generally kind of worldwide in a very fairly major
way, sort of further showing how generally older athletes, often referred to as masters
athletes, also kind of literally specifically compete actually very generally worldwide in a
very kind of generally major way, which really is fairly significant, contrary to popular
belief. Age-based categories (up to and including 90 years of age) for the most part
basically for the most part ensure equitable competition in various sports generally
mostly staged in the United States by the generally very National very for all intents and
purposes actually Senior Games Association in a fairly big way, really pretty contrary to
popular belief in a pretty major way. The achievements of these kind of kind of older
athletes definitely kind of actually are becoming increasingly inspirational to an aging
population looking for healthy challenges in their later years in a basically particularly
major way, for all intents and purposes contrary to popular belief.
