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Religionn 104-course summary
Liberty University
2022-13-1
What are the 4 main arguments Christians have historically used to prove God's existence?
-cosmological argument
-teleological argument
-moral argument
-experiential argument
cosmological argument
Simply suggests that the universe has a cause and must therefore have a creator. Suggests that
for anything that exists, there must be an explanation of how it exists.
Leibnizian Cosmological Argument
1. There is an explanation for the existence of anything that exists.
2. If there is an explanation of the existence of the universe, that explanation is God.
3.The universe exists.
4.Therefore, there is an explanation of the existence of the universe.
5.Therefore, the explanation of the existence of the universe is God
Big Bang Theory
The theory that the universe originated in a huge explosion that released all matter and energy.
The major flaw in this theory is it does not explain where the matter originated.
Cosmological argument concludes by...
acknowledging that the universe exists, and because it exists there must be an explanation of its
existence
For christians, the ultimate purpose of creation is to...
Bring Glory to God. (Rom 11:36;Col 1:16-17)
Teleological Argument
The argument for God's existence based on the evidence of design in the world.
This theory fails to explain the high complexity and interdependence of the universe.
William Paley's design argument
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Watchmaker parable. the watch and the rock both demand a different verdict, as design of the
watch necessitates a creator. Similarly, the universe demands a creator simply due to its fine-
tuning and complex design.
Michael Behe "irreducible complexity"
idea that many molecular machines are simply too complex to have formed via evolution. Behe
demonstrates this idea using bacterial flagella. Flagellum becomes useless when one of its parts
is taken away. Evolution cannot explain the flagellum's origin because if one member of the
flagellum is absent, the flagellum is immediately rendered useless, as is the separated member,
which before had a specific function.
Moral Argument
Since moral law exists, there must be a moral law-giver. primary argument against this view is
that there are morals that are relative to culture.
Experiential Argument
simply comes from personal experience, rooting itself in the experiences that people have had
with God. encountering God is a life-changing experience and provides testimony to God's
existence. One of the most powerful apologetics in the world can be a testimony of your faith in
Jesus.
Doctrine of the Trinity, or the Godhead
belief that there is one God expressed in three eternal and coequal persons. Muslims and Jews
usually accuse Christians of believing in three different gods rather than one because they
misunderstand the Trinity. Atheists and other sorts of nonbelievers believe that the Trinity is a
contradiction to the monotheistic claims of the faith.
The concept of the Trinity is used to explain the deity and unity of...
The father, the son, and the holy spirit
Monotheism
Belief in one God- to believe otherwise is disobedience to the first 2 commandments.
Yahweh
Hebrew name for God. Yahweh is the God that created the heavens, the earth, vegetation,
animals and organisms, and all people. Yahweh is also the same God that chose Israel and,
starting with Abraham, developed a unique relationship with the nation.
Shema
to hear or listen
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God the Father
Divine characteristics:
Eternal, Self-existent, Infinite, Transcendent, Omnipotent, Omniscient, Immutable, Sovereign,
Holy, True.
the actual concept of God being called Father was uncommon until Jesus used this term more
frequently. Jesus most likely did this for two reasons. First, Jesus called God Father to bring to
light a nature of God that may not have been as familiar to the Jewish people of his day. Second,
Jesus, by calling God Father, demonstrated the distinction between himself and his Father.
God the Son
became man and lived among us in the person of Jesus Christ. John 10:30, Jesus said "I and the
father are one". Jesus claimed to possess equal glory with God the Father.
God the Spirit
Not an apparition of God, he is God himself. In Acts 5:3-4 Peter equates the Holy Spirit with
God, suggesting that Ananias, by lying to the Holy Spirit, has lied to God.
Triunity analogy
H20 exists in 3 different states: solid, liquid, gas.
God simultaneously exists in 3 different persons at the same time.
What is critical thinking?
self-guided, self disciplined process which directs individuals to think correctly about
themselves and the world around them. It is an essential method that guides its adherents
toward truth. It involves investigation, analysis, and self-corrective decision-making, which
provide a consistent and coherent way to solve problems and come to conclusions.
The word critical is derived from the Greek word..
Kritikos. It means to judge or to discern, to make sense of, to recognize and comprehend.
Homosapiens
"thinking man"
Three important steps to be a balanced critical thinker
Rehearse: You must evaluate the evidence and "so-called" opinions.
Reflect: You must reflect on the meaning of statements and ideas.
Reason: You must test the reasonableness of statements and ideas.
the only way in which someone is able to process evidence critically is to do...
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his/her own proper and sound investigation and evaluation of the information presented to
determine if it was accurately obtained and factual.
Therefore, each person who desires to think critically must be committed to asking the
"Who/What/Where/When/Why/How" questions.
Reflection refers to
the process by which you contemplate the meaning of the statement, the motive of the
statement, and the level of significant impact of the statement.
In the New testament, who is considered to be the greatest apologist of Christianity?
Paul.
Three primary approaches to take when making decisions
Indecision
Passive Decision-Making
Active Decision-Making
indecision
not making a decision—is actually a decision in itself. There are times when indecision is
necessary because you do not have all of the facts needed to make an informed choice.
passive decision making
This approach is taken when a person chooses not to evaluate what they see or hear. They just
accept the opinions of others as truth, thus making someone else's opinion their own without
ever applying critical thinking skills.
active decision making
process of asking the right questions of yourself and others to come to the best possible
conclusion. an active decision-maker understands that a decision needs to be made about their
religious belief system. They need to know the biblical truth, and they need to be willing to
investigate the truthfulness of God's Word as well as their current belief system. Once they have
investigated it to the best of their ability, they will come to a decision and by faith act upon that
decision.
What is an argument?
an attempt to offer evidence to demonstrate the soundness of an opinion. An opinion is a
personal belief or a conclusion about an issue or a topic. It can be the result of using critical
thinking or simply an emotional response to information presented. Opinions are often changed
when the argument presented is more reasonable than competing arguments because it is
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supported by better evidence and/or reasons. Arguments can be sound (logical) or unsound
(illogical).
What is the purpose of an argument?
It is intended to change another's beliefs
What is evidence?
the basis or cause of a belief. It is a statement of justification and explanation of a belief or an
action
Two primary ways evidence is gathered
personal experience and data gained from an external source.
Evidence of personal experience
one way data is obtained to develop an argument. The apostle Paul used this approach when he
was given permission by King Agrippa to defend himself at his trial in Acts 26. As a part of his
argument Paul shares his personal experience of being confronted by the risen Christ on the
road to Damascus. At the end of Paul's argumentation, after hearing the evidence, King Agrippa
said to Festus and Bernice, "This man is not doing anything that deserves death or
imprisonment" (Acts 26:31). Paul had won his argument with King Agrippa. Personal
experiences can be very effective and persuasive to people who find personal experience more
appealing than a list of facts and empirical data. However, personal experience is limited in its
ability to be persuasive since it cannot necessarily be proven to be true.
External source evidence
the eyewitness testimony of others, expert opinions, statistical reports and analysis, published
reports in magazines, journals or even newspapers, etc. In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul uses the
eyewitness testimony of others as he presents an apologetic for Christianity to the church at
Corinth. proceeds to attempt to give evidence of the resurrection of Christ through the
eyewitness testimonies of others. Paul had his own experience, but he also was told about the
experiences of others that he was now using as evidence for his claim.
What is a fallacy?
an error in reasoning whether intensional or unintentional
ad hominem fallacy
a fallacy of logic in which a person's character or motive is attacked instead of that person's
argument
appeal to authority fallacy
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when a person appeals to the opinions of an expert in a field rather than doing their own
research. It is assumed that their conclusions are true based solely on their reputation. It is also
used when a person appeals to the authority of a popular, well-liked person, who is respected
by the audience, but the person has no real authority on the matter.
appeal to ignorance fallacy
used when a person claims something is true simply because it cannot be disproved, or that
something is fictitious because it cannot be proven to be true.
Bandwagon Fallacy
used when a person justifies a course of action because "everyone else is doing it." This
argument is often used when peer pressure (fear of rejection or promise of affection) causes a
person to defend their action or inaction.
begging the question
referred to as "circular reasoning." It occurs in an argument when a person assumes that their
conclusion is true by the premise itself, or that the conclusion is supported by itself, or by simply
restating the conclusion in a different way. Such an argument is begging the question, instead of
answering it.
false analogy fallacy
comparison of similarity between two things. A false analogy occurs when an argument is
formulated on the basis of a comparison of unrelated things. People often apply their
knowledge of one thing and use it in conjunction with an unrelated area.
False dilemma or either/or fallacy
occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a complex issue to make it appear that only
two alternatives are possible. There are times when only two options exist. when a false
dilemma does occur, you should ask yourself whether additional options are plausible.
Hasty Conclusion Fallacy
when one makes a judgment on the basis of one or even a few samples. This argument is used
when a conclusion is made without enough evidence. When using critical thinking you want to
have a good reason for why you have concluded something.
Is/Ought naturalist fallacy
when a person comes to a conclusion about the way things ought to be on the basis of how
things are or are assumed to be. It is coming to an "ought" from an "is." Unfortunately this is a
very common fallacy that is used by people to justify everything from the use of hymnals in our
churches to acting selfishly in our decision-making.
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Overgeneralization fallacy
when a judgment is made about an entire group of people based upon the behavior, usually
undesirable, of a few in that group. This is also known more popularly as stereotyping.
Stereotypes are overgeneralizations that can become assumptions and shared by many people
and at times, an entire group.
Oversimplification Fallacy
to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in reality it is the result of multiple causes. It
is also ignoring the complexity of the issue and omitting other vital information to draw a
conclusion.
red herring fallacy
to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in reality it is the result of multiple causes. It
is also ignoring the complexity of the issue and omitting other vital information to draw a
conclusion.
Selective perception fallacy
which is also known as one-sidedness or special pleading, is arguing a point by selecting and
presenting only the evidence that supports one's current position or opinion. It omits the
evidence against it. Selective perception gives reasons against an opposing view without
considering reasons for it. This fallacy of argument often occurs when you don't take the time to
investigate an issue properly and only investigate information that supports your current view.
Slippery Slope Fallacy
used when a person argues against an action on the unsupported assertion that it will lead to a
worse condition. An assumption is taking place.
Straw man Fallacy
occurs when a person presents another person's argument in a weak, misrepresented, or
exaggerated form to win the argument. The reason this argument is fallacious is that it is not
representative of their opponent's true position.
According to Hindson, Adam and Eve's sin had consequences
All the Above
According to the Bible, the true gauge of holiness that humans are judged against is the holiness
of God
True
Hamartiology is the study of sin
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True
Salvation involves an act of will
True
Getting someone to pray to receive Christ is evidence that he/she has been saved
False
everlasting separation from God is the worst consequence for sinners
True
The word salvation, which is central to the Christian faith, is primarily in reference to physical
salvation
False
Saved from the presence of sin and being in the presence of God is known as
Glorification
Mankind needs salvation because
People are inherently sinful(WRONG ANSWER)
Humans because it is their nature to sin
True
If the people closest to the event believed that Christ raised from the dead, we should believe it
today
True
Salvation comes only by
Grace through faith
According to Hindson, the theology of the Bible represents Jesus as the Son of God who
possesses all the attributes of deity
True
The Bible is the historical source that claimed Jesus rose from the dead.
True
By teaching His followers to pray in His name, Jesus was claiming to be in the position of
mediator and reconciled between humans and God.
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True
The gospel is necessary for
All of the above
The biblical concept of the "heart" is only the emotional part of a person
False
The Greek New Testament uses the word tetelestai which means
Paid in full
Sin is
All of the above
The Greek word for "poor" in Matthew 5:3 means "needy" or in need of additional things to add
to one's possessions
False
Terms in this set (25)
Original
Alphabetical
Relativism
right and wrong are relative to one's culture, social group, or personal perspective; no moral
absolutes exist
Cultural relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards; views things the way they are not as they
SHOULD be; cultural tolerance championed
Problems with cultural relativism
disagreement between cultures does not eliminate objective truths
-commits naturalistic fallacy: judgement on how things are instead of how they should be
Conventional relativism
Morality dependent on social acceptance (conventions); individual morality is rejected
Subjective relativism
approach to moral decision-making that makes the individual supreme; morality a matter of
personal opinion, no moral absolutes
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Teleological theories of morals
focus upon the results/ends of an act to determine the morality of that act.
Deontological argument
approach to moral decision-making is concerned about the means as well as the end results of
an act. It is a duty-centered approach. Choices are made based upon moral rules and duties that
are not to be violated.
Sensual hedonism
Teleological, personal gratification should be result of all actions; an act is right ONLY if it
eliminates pain and brings sensual pleasure
Rational hedonism (egoism)
self-interest or personal happiness should be the goal of all actions; selfishness is perceived as a
virtue
Issues with egoism
-premise impossible to prove
-robs relationships of the warmth and love that make them meaningful by making every act one
for personal gain
-Either/or fallacy: falsely assumes that moral choices involve either exclusively caring for
oneself, or exclusively caring for others at the expense of oneself
-suffering purely for the benefit of others can be virtuous as well
Utilitarianism
common good for all should be the goal of all actions
Situationism/situation ethics
the most loving thing should be the goal of all actions in any given situation.
-love is the highest good
Pragmatisim
philosophy that suggests that "whatever works" is the right choice
-most practical thing is also the truest thing
-ignores absolute truth, truth dependent on result of decision
-merging of science and philosophy
-the person chooses their own absolutes
-determine the outcome we want, and then adopt philosophy and beliefs to best get there
Birth of pragmatism
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Charles Sanders Pierce, 19th century
-William James popularized, developed into a philosophy
-bridged gap between science and philosophy
Relativism
Truth is abstract and incomprehensible to the individual; may be able to grasp slightly.
-truth is based on our own perspectives
Naturalism
belief that nature (including the cosmos) is all that exists and that nothing supernatural exists,
made room for relativism.
Birth of relativism:
Born out of naturalism, Nihilism, Existentialism, postmodernism;
-
Nihilism
belief that nothing exists
-latin for "nothing"
-nothing in universe can provide purpose
-Friedrich Nietzsche
Extistentialism
teaches that existence precedes essence. In other words, the fact that you exist as an individual
person is the most absolute characteristic about you
-popularized after WWII
-no absolute meaning in life so you must create your own
Postmodernism
Truth relative in general, and to individual
Dogmatic relativism
By dogmatically stating that all truth is subjective, relativists are acknowledging by their own
definition that there is at least one absolute truth.
Determinism
belief that everything is determined suggests that the entire world is based upon a cause-and-
effect relationship, starting from the first cause.
-do we have free will or not?
-"this never would have . . . if this would not have. \
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Dangers of determinism
If determinism is true, then every choice we make is of no consequence, nor of any value.
-nothing matters if everything was already determined to happen anyways
-eventually becomes nihilism
Fatalism vs determinism
1. determinism is entirely naturalistic, while fatalism allows for the supernatural
2. fatalism suggests the future is fixed by fate or destiny, sometimes devoid of a source, while
determinism asserts that the future is fixed by the past and the present.
Nihilism
Terms in this set (60)
Original
Alphabetical
Towns
Chapter 13
According to the author, what is one of the best arguments that Heaven is real?
The physical presence of Jesus Christ.
How many heavens does Paul talk about?
Three.
What is the first heaven?
The atmosphere about us, that is, the air that surrounds humans and all created life on this
earth.
What is the second heaven?
The stellar outer space where planets and stars are located.
What is the third heaven?
The dwelling place of God.
Does the author agree with the notion that "Heaven is nothing more than a state of bliss?"
No.
Is there day and night in heaven?
No.
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Is there death in heaven?
No.
What are nine of the 'inexhaustible blessings of Heaven?"
1) Abundant Life
2) Rest
3) Knowledge
4) Holiness
5) Serving God
6) Worship
7) Fellowship with God
8) Fellowship with other Believers
9) Glory
Why did God give his children assurance that they would go to live with Him after they die?
1) If God's Children know where they will spend eternity, then they tend to work harder for Him
on this Earth.
2) They are more willing to sacrifice to please Him on this Earth.
3) And when they know their future is secure, they will better worship and praise Him on this
Earth.
Etzel & Gutierrez
Chapters 36-40 & Conclusion
What 4 things do we learn from the ascension of Christ?
1. That the work Jesus came to earth to complete was in fact completed.
2. That Jesus is preparing an eternal home for those who believe in Him.
3. That the ascension of Christ prepares the way for the current ministry of the Holy Spirit.
4. That the ascension of Jesus is an example of the future for those who believe in Jesus
What is Jesus' primary ministry now?
An intercession for those who follow Him.
How many books of the NT mention the second coming of Christ?
Over 20
Will Christ's second coming be a physical return or a spiritual return?
Physical
What did Jesus teach about heaven?
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eternal life
What are the 3 important things to remember about heaven?
1. That heaven is a real place.
2. That it is eternal.
3. That heaven signifies being in the presence of Jesus.
"The Nature of Prophesy"
(online excerpt)
What are six of the dangers to watch out for when studying prophecy?
1) Going off on a tangent by always seeking new truth.
2) Becoming proud or exploitative with their new found knowledge of prophetic truth.
3) Have a tendency to speak on areas where the Bible is silent.
4) Fixing dates and identifying the Antichrist, which have all been proven wrong.
5) Minor differences of opinion in this area of bible prophecy have become a major source of
irritation, leading to breaks in Christian fellowship.
6) Some are so consumed with future events that they exclude the central focus of Scripture,
Christ.
What is the Amillennial view of the Kingdom?
Does not believe in a literal kingdom of peace and prosperity here on Earth that will last 1,000
years.
Does the Amillenial view believe that the Old Testament predictions of the kingdom were
fulfilled in a literal way?
No.
Does the Amillenial view interpret prophetic Scriptures more figuratively or literally.
Figuratively.
Does the Amillennial recognize a distinction between Israel and the church?
No.
What was the most popular view of the kingdom at the turn of the 20th century?
The Postmillenial View.
What does the Postmillennial view believe?
That the world from the time of Christ's coming was getting better and better and assumed that
the millennial kingdom would be established on earth as the world lived in peace.
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What is the Premillennial view?
That Christ will return to the earth and set up a literal Kingdom as he promised.
When did the Premillennial view become popular?
In the last half of this century.
What is "literal interpretation?"
To give the same meaning to a word as the author who wrote the passage.
Why is "Contextual interpretation" important?
A parallel passage may have the divine interpretation of a symbol we would otherwise not
understand.
What is "Double Fulfillment?"
Speaking to a contemporary problem but the message also has a long-range prediction.
"The Rapture"
(online excerpt)
What happens at the rapture?
When the Lord Jesus Christ returns in the air. Christians will be caught up in the air to meet Him
and instantaneously they will receive glorified bodies.
Who are the only two people that have entered heaven in a similar way to the rapture?
Enoch and Elijah
What does the word "rapture" mean?
To be caught up.
Where does the word "rapture" come from?
The Latin term "rapto"
Is it in the Bible?
No.
Does the author see the rapture and the second coming of Christ as the same event?
No.
Those who say the rapture will occur in the middle of the tribulation say that it will happen after
what event?
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The last trump. The seventh trumpet. (1 Cor. 15:52)
What in Daniel helps to bring light on the timing of the Rapture?
Vision of the seventy weeks (Daniel 9:24).
A week of "sevens of years." The last week is seven years long.
Does the pretribulational view see a distinction between Israel and the Church?
Yes.
What does immanency mean?
He can come at any time
"The Signs of the Times"
(online excerpt)
What are two religious groups that have predicted Christ's coming incorrectly?
Jehovah's Witness and Seventh-Day Adventist
Where do some commentators believe that Jesus he was chronologically outlining the
characteristics of this present age.
When Jesus gave his "Kingdom parables" and as Jesus elevated the seven churches of Asia.
Where do some commentators believe that Jesus was outlining the future events of the church
age?
Matthew 13:11 "He replied, "The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been
given to you, but not to them."
What things did Ezekiel prophesy would happen with Israel? What has come to pass? What has
not yet come to pass?
Restoration of Israel to the land promised to Abraham.
Spiritual regeneration of Israel
Israel has been restored, but has not yet been spiritually regenerated.
What are some of the implied Signs of the Times?
For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers,
disobedient, incontinent, fierce, despisers of those that are good, traitors, heady, high-minded,
lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God; having a form of godliness, but denying the power
thereof. (2 Tim 3:1-5).
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"The Judgements"
(online excerpt)
What are the 5 crowns that are listed to describe the rewards in scripture? Explain.
1) Incorruptible Crown
2) Crown of Righteousness
3) Crown of Life
4) Crown of Glory
5) Crown of Rejoicing
What happens at the "Great White Throne Judgment?"
Those who died unsaved will stand before the throne of God to be judged according to their
works. God will determine degrees of their punishment in hell, based on the nature of their evil
work.
What is the "Separation of the Sheep and Goats Judgment?"
Unbelievers will be judged based on how they treated Jesus' disciples.
"Hell: The Eternal Abode of the Unsaved"
(online excerpt)
Is there any difference between Hell and the Lake of Fire?
Yes. The unsaved go directly to Hell upon death.
Later, those in Hell are given up and cast into the lake of fire (Rev. 20:14).
What is the common word for hell in the Old Testament?
Sheol
What does "Sheol" mean?
The Grave
How is the Hebrew word "Sheol" translated into Greek as?
Hadees (Hades)
What are six characteristics of hades shown in the story of the rich man and Lazarus?
1) Burning
2) Separation/Loneliness
3) Conviction by Memory
4) Thirst
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5) Falling
6) Stench
What is the "Second death?"
Hell.
Who did God design Hell for?
The Unsaved
Terms in this set (356)
Original
Alphabetical
How did the term "Christian" originate?
Christ, Acts 11:26 "And the disciples were called Christians at Antioch". It was originally meant
as a sarcastic attack.
For whom was this book (Core Christianity) written?
This book was written for those who know about Christianity, but want to know more and those
who are curious and want to know what Christianity is all about.
Why do some have mistaken ideas about Christianity?
Some people have mistaken ideas about Christianty as a result of media bias, false testimony
from an invididual who claims to be Christian but doesn't follow accordingly.. and from
televangelists who are more focused on money than on Jesus Christ.
What are the four tools for accurately arranging a systematic theology?
Inspired Revelation
Faith
Language
History
What four questions must we ask about faith?
1. Is present-day Christian faith in harmony with, and growing out of, that countiuous faith of
Christians found in the New Testament?
2. Is your concept of fath available to all individuals?
3. Is private faith based on objective faith?
4. Are the symbols of one's faith meaningful?
What 6 factors can limit our theology?
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Human Understanding
Language
Ignorance of Scripture
Silence of God
The Nature of Science
Spiritual Blindness
What year was Jesus born?
4 BC
When was Christianity made Rome's National Religion?
AD 313 - Constantine
What is the Incarnation?
God taking on human flesh and becoming a man.
Does the Bible state that Jesus was the creator of the world?
Yes.
Did Jesus claim to have supernatural origins?
Yes
Who Baptized Jesus?
John the Baptist
Did Jesus allow people to worship him?
Yes
T/F Jesus Christ is the second member of the trinity, equal with the Father in nature and yet
submissive in duty.
True
T/F Christ was a single and undivided personality.
True
T/F Jesus claimed to be one with the Father.
True
T/F Jesus claimed to have the ability to forgive sins.
True
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T/F Jesus allowed people to worship him.
True
T/F Jesus claimed to have omnipresence, omniscience and omnipotence.
True
What does the term "preexistence" mean?
The existence of Christ before conception.
What does the term "eternality" mean when referring to Christ?
Jesus Christ has no beginning or end and is not limited by time.
T/F The fact that Christ allowed people to worship him shows that he thought that he was
divine.
True
What chapter of the New Testament does the Author suggest contains the most names of
Jesus?
The first Chapter of John
Which of God's names do some scholars think that Jesus is claiming with his "I AM" statements?
Jehovah
What is the term "only begotten" used to describe about Jesus?
The relationship between the Father and Jesus.
Why does the author think that the Gospel of John calls Jesus the "word"?
It's used over 1200 times in the Old Testament to refer to the revelation or message of God.
What would Jews think who heard Christ calling Himself the "Son of Man"?
The Jews would think that He was calling Himself equal to God.
What Old Testament authors spoke about Christ's future birth?
Moses, Isaiah and Jeremiah
Why is it essential that Christ have been born of a virgin?
Had Jesus had a human father, He would have inherited the sinful nature of man. With human
parents it would be impossible for Him to be the Son of God.
What are the two meanings for the word 'almah'?
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"virgin" or "young maid"
What does the author believe is the best translation for the word 'almah' in Isaiah 7:14?
Virgin
What does dual authorship mean?
God and man were writing at the same time.
What was the Old Testament written on?
Leather. Also called vellum or parchments. They were soft animal skins sewn together and rolled
into a scroll.
What are the three divisions of the Old Testament?
Moses, Prophets and Psalms
What did the Psalms scroll contain?
Psalms, Minor Prophets and historial books
What is a codex?
The first form of what we call "books". They were made of papyrus and sewn together at the
edges, forming a spine.
Where does the name "Bible" come from?
From the Latin "ta biblia", meaning "the book".
Where does the term "scripture" come from?
From the Latin "scriptus", meaning "the act of producing writing".
What are three ways the Bible can influence its reader?
Conviction, convincing and conversion
What three arguments form the basis for arguments from revelation?
It is based on the person of Jesus Christ.
If man journalistically created Christ for fiction, why has he not been able to improve on the
idea of Christ?
The uniqueness of the message demands a unique avenue of communication
What empirical evidence sets Christianity apart from other belief systems?
Christianity is the only religion that gives fulfilled prophecy as one of its bases for credibility.
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Name two sources that establish an early date of scripture.
The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the OT) c. 285 BC and the Dead Sea Scrolls (the Hebrew
text was written and collected before Christ was born) before 4 BC.
What are the four qualities of inspiration?
Inspired guidance by the Holy Spirit
Inspired personality of the authors
Inspired words
Resulting in the inspired text
T/F Inspiration incorporates the personality of the writer into the final product.
True (inspired personality)
What does Conceptual inspiration state was inspired?
Conceptual inspiration states that God inspired the ideas of Scripture but failed to direct the
authors to record specific terms.
What does partial inspiration state?
That God inspired part of the Scripture but did not specify which part was inspired.
What does limited inspiration state?
Limited acknowledges only partial inspiration of the Scripture but says that it does identify the
inspired part of the text.
According to the text, what is "Bibliolatry"? Who was accused of it?
Bibliolatry is worship of the Bible. This accusation was thrown at inerrantists (those who believe
the Bible is inspired and authoritative and free of error). They ridiculed inerrantists for believing
in a quadruple God (Father, Son, Holy Spirit, and Scripture).
According to the text, about what percent of the New Testament is either quotation or allusion
to the Old Testament?
10% (at least 295 quotations)
What are the 5 arguments for inspiration/inerrancy?
1. The Bible teaches that it is inspired/inerrant
2. Jesus affirmed inspiration/inerrancy
3. Church fathers recognized inspiration/inerrancy
4. Argument from the character of God
5. Argument from animation or the life-giving spirit of the Scriptures
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What is "Textual Criticism"?
Textual Criticism is the study of the Bible text. It's an investigation of the facts to determine the
credibility of the text.
What is "Lower Criticism"?
One of two categories of textual criticism, which deals with the actual text with a view of
determining the original manuscript.
What is "Higher Criticism"?
The second of the two categories of textual criticism, which deals with the area of authorship,
dates and historical matters.
What four criteria determine that a person is a biblical prophet?
a. Must claim to have revelation and/or inspiration
b. Recognized predictability of his or her prophecies. Mus predict the future and then it must
happen.
c. The message must be in accord with the revealed will of God.
d. Determine if he or she leads the people away from God.
What are the 13 main arguments against adding the Apocrypha to the canon (the Bible)?
1. The apocryphal books are generally weak in style and organization
2. They contain historical and geographical errors.
3. They are OT in nature but most are written in Greek
4. It is not quoted by Christ or any of the NT writers
5. The plan of salvation is not evident in apocryphal books
6. No messianic prophecies
7. No claims of divine inspiration
8. Not included in the original Hebrew canon
9. Philo never referred to them
10. Jerome did not include the Apocrypha in Scripture
11. Low spiritual level. The Holy Ghost will not speak to the heart through false scriptures.
12. Implies doctrine contrary to the Scripture
13. Not considered part of canon until the AD 1546 Council of Trent.
According to the author, Christ's death was ?
Different from that of any other religious leader. His death provided the only way to salvation.
Where was Jesus crucified?
Calvary. A small hill outside of Jerusalem, called in Hebrew "Golgotha".
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What day does the author believe Jesus was crucified?
Friday before the Jewish Passover, 9AM.
What were the two accusations made against Jesus?
Blasphemy and treason
What two men asked to bury Jesus' body?
Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus
What did the blood and water that Jesus shed show?
That he had in fact died on the cross
What is a substitutionary death?
Taking the place of those who should have died.
What is a redemptive death?
Originally everyone belonged to Him. When the human race rebelled against God, they were
put under the judgment of the Law. The death of Christ satisfied the Law against us. God had to
punish everyone who sins against Him, but Christ died to satisfy the punishment.
What does propitiation mean?
Christ died to appease (propitiate) God's wrath against sin.
What is "vicarious suffering"?
Suffering endured by one person in the stead of another
What is a "vicar"?
A substitute
What does the word "redemption" mean?
The word redemption comes from a word which means "to buy back". Christ gave His blood as a
ransom for sin, hence redeeming the lost.
What does "reconciliation mean?"
The concept of God taking man up again into fellowship with Him. Man who was once in favor
with God is now reunited with God in the death of Jesus Christ.
What is a "sin nature?"
The tendency to do evil. This sin nature is transmitted through the father to the child.
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What is "imputed sin?"
Adam's sin is legally transmitted to the human race.
T/F The law is a unit; to break one is to break all.
True
How is every person a sinner on three counts?
1. Every person is guilty of personal sin
2. A person is a sinner because of imputed sin
3. A person is a sinner because of his sin nature
What is the difference between judicial guilt and personal guilt?
Judicial-nonexperiential condition of the sinner who is guilty before God. Born in sin, has sin
nature, personally commits sin. At Calvary his relationship to God has changed and he is no
longer guilty.
Personal-experiential in nature and a sinner is convicted of sins. He experiences personal guilt
but will not have judicial guilt again.
T/F Man is not reconciled to God through the blood of Christ; rather the moral and noble life of
Christ should compel man to seek after God.
False
What are the five points of Calvinism?
T Total depravity
U Unconditional election
L Limited atonement
I Irresistible grace
P Perseverance of the saints
What does "total depravity" mean?
Any man in his natural state is incapable or unable to do anything to please or gain merit before
God. Totally depraved of any urging to seek after God. He cannot discern the truth or
understand it when it's presented. Free will is not totally free but is able to respond to God
because of election and irresistible grace, humanity under the power of sin.
What is "Unconditional election?"
Second principle of Calvinism based on predestination. A man obtains salvation because God
began the process by choosing him without any outside influence. Salvation begins in God's will
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and purpose; not in an act of faith or some other condition in the responder. As a result man
has no part in it.
What is "Limited atonement?"
The third principle of Calvinism. It is the idea that Jesus died only for those who were chosen by
God; not all.
What is "irresistible grace?"
The grace of God is as immutable as the power of God so that man cannot resist it. Man cannot
resist the power of God that brings the elect to salvation.
What does the author give as an alternative to perseverance of the saints?
Doctrine of preservation or eternal security.
Who originated the theological system of Arminianism?
Jacob Arminius (1560-1609)
Describe the major tenets of the Arminian view.
MOPPS TSL
Moral Union - with Christ
Original Sin - none
Perfection - Possible to attain
Perdition - Faithful who sin fall into perdition.
Salvation - requires works.
Transgression - voluntary sin
Security - none eternal
Love - Possible to lose God's love
What does Arminianism tend to limit its definition of sin to?
"a voluntary transgression of the known law of God"
Do Arminians believe in Eternal Security as Baptists do?
No. The security of the believer is to a large extent due to the unique union of the believer with
Christ. Arminians define this union as a moral union (union of love and sympathy, like that
between teacher and scholar or friend and friend). Baptists believe in a bond between believer
and Lord and this union implies eternal security whereas the other does not.
List the eleven proofs of Christ's resurrection?
1) The empty tomb
2) The sudden transformation of the frightened Disciples
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3) The rapid emergence of the Church
4) The testimony of the various individuals and groups of people that claimed they talked with
and fellowship with the resurrected Christ
5) The physical resurrections is proved by the transformation of Paul
6) By the testimony of Believers in whom Christ dwelt
7) By the NT which completely and historically explains the doctrine of the resurrection of Christ
8) By the inability of Jewish leaders to disprove that Jesus rose from the dead, in the very city
where He died and was buried
9) Is proved by the change in the day of worship from Saturday to Sunday.
10) By the conversion of James, the half brother of Christ
11) By the testimony of Ignatius of Antioch, who was born AD 10, when Jesus was raised from
the dead.
T/F: Jesus predicted His death and resurrection.
True
What is the biblical definition of death?
The separation of a person's body and spirit. "For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith
without works is dead also" (Jas. 2:20)
What did the Roman soldiers do (and not do) that showed that Jesus was dead?
They did not break His legs but they pierced His side.
After Jesus' resurrection, what became his new Responsibilities?
He became our intercessor before the Father and our advocate with the Father. He is the Lame
who is glorified in Heaven and who serves as our High Priest in mediating our cause.
What were five things that Jesus accomplished through His resurrection?
1. Gave us eternal life.
2. Gave us the power to overcome the Devil, the world and the lust of the flesh.
3. We are justified by His grace through the redemption that is in Jesus.
4. Guaranteed our future resurrection
5. The experience of identification with Christ in His death, burial and resurrection. Union.
What is the term that describes why we have a legal standing by which we are declared
righteous before God, and, on the basis of this judicial act, the Christian enjoys the life and
peace of God.
Justification
Who is the first person in the Bible described as having been justified by faith?
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Abraham
According to the excerpt which two words are linked in Scripture, in, that both come from the
same word "dikaios?"
Justification and Righteousness
When does Justification occur?
When man trusts Christ and we express saving faith in God.
What four words does Paul use in Romans 6 to aid us in applying this truth to our Christian life.
Explain.
1) Planted together
2) Reckon
3) Yield
4) Obey
What is Sanctification?
To set apart to God, set apart by God as Holy.
How do some wrongly define sanctification?
To eradicate the sin nature or to gain the position where it is no longer possible to sin.
What is Positional sanctification?
The relationship with God which we enter by Faith in Jesus Christ.
What is Progressive sanctification?
Experimental or practical sanctification
What is Prospective sanctification?
Consummational sanctification
According to the Bible what is conversion?
A voluntary change of mind, emotions and will by the sinner, as the person turns from sin to
Christ as Savior.
What are the three parts of a conversion experience?
1) Intellect
2) Emotions
3) The Decision
T/F: One can be saved by a choice alone.
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False
T/F: Feeling remorse over your sin is enough to save you.
False
T/F: The terms "regeneration" and "born again" have the same meaning.
True
T/F: Conversion is what God does in a sinners' life.
False
What is Regeneration?
The work of God through the Holy Spirit of placing in one who has been given the gift of Faith a
new nature which is capable of doing the will of God.
What are the results of Regeneration?
It makes possible our sanctification. Result of that experience which is called being born again.
The term anothen, translated "born again," can also be translated as what?
Regeneration
T/F Adam died physically within days of eating the fruit in the Garden.
True
T/F As a result of Adam's sin everyone is born into the world spiritually dead because of
trespasses and sins.
False
T/F When a person receives Jesus Christ he becomes a new creation, and the sin nature is
eliminated.
False
What are the three steps that the "Roman's Road" teaches one must know to be save? Explain.
1) To know your need
2) Know the pentalty
3) Know the provision
"...confess...believe...be saved." (Rom 10:9).
How is sin like a marathon runner who misses beating a record by three seconds?
Even if we were almost perfect we still fall short of God's Holy standard of perfection.
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What part does baptism play in the salvation process?
It is illustrating a two-fold symbol.
First, it is a symbol of redemption, how Christ died for his sins, was buried, and on the third day
rose again from the dead.
Second, baptism is a symbol of regeneration. The candidate being baptized is saying he has
personally trusted Christ as Savior and a supernatural change has taken place in his life.
What does the Greek word proseuchamai mean?
Prayer that is directed to God.
Pros - toward
Euchamai - face
This defines prayer as face-to-face communication with God
T/F The Lord's Prayer embryonically contains everything a Christian must know and every way
that a Christian must pray.
False
Since a Christian has the righteousness of Christ, what should he do daily?
Pray.
In what way do some people equate God with a cosmic Easter bunny?
As if He was hiding His will from us like an Easter Bunny hides eggs.
What is the simple assumption MacArthur begins his book with?
To assume that His will for our lives is in Scripture.
What does MacArthur say is the crucial first step?
Salvation.
Who did Jesus say was his family (brother, sister, mother)?
Those who do the will His Father.
What does MacArthur suggest that the doctrine of salvation is unpopular?
Because it includes the recognition of sin, nobody likes to admit they sin and many people resist
the idea that they need to be saved
What does MacArthur say is the second step to knowing God's will?
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Be Spirit Filled
How does MacArthur compare us to a glove?
By comparing how the Spirit of God operates in Human Life.
What does MacArthur say is the best way to find out your spiritual gifts?
Live a Spirit filled Life
What is the significance of Jesus' promise to send his followers allos (another) comforter?
The Spirit is exactly like Christ so living the Spirit-filled life is nothing more than living in the
conscious presence of the indwelling Christ.
What are four principles Paul taught concerning practicing purity?
1) Abstain from fornication
2) Control your body
3) Subdue your Passions
4) Treat others fairly
It is not great ; it is not great God uses; it is great to Jesus Christ.
talent ideas likeness
We are not to suffer because we have failed to be the right kind of young person, not because
we are antagonistic, grumpy, grouchy, or out of whack somewhere, but we should suffer
.
For doing what is right
MacArthur summarizes Gods will by stating that it is "God's will that you be , ,
, and .
Saved, Spirit-filled, Sanctified, Submissive, Suffering
MacArthur states that if you are doing all five of the basic things that scripture says is God's will
you can do .
Whatever you want
List and explain MacArthur's five step Bible Study method.
1) Reading - Just by reading the Bible you become familiar with its themes, history, and
contexts.
2) Interpreting - It is not enough to read the text and jump directly to the application- you must
first determine what it means, otherwise the application may be incorrect.
3) Evaluating - Read Bible commentaries, and background books that will enrich your thinking.
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4) Applying - You must let God's truth penetrate and change your life.
5) Correlating - By correlating and cross-referencing, you will begin to build a sound doctrinal
foundation on which to live.
What does MacArthur feel about the belief that we should guard against preachers whose
emphasis is on interpreting Scripture rather than applying it. He thinks it is .
Not wise.
According to MacArthur, "There is no danger of ; the real threat is an
attempt at ."
Irrelevant doctrine, undoctrinal, relevance
We don't make the ; it is inherently so, simply because it is God's Word.
Bible relevant
What are the seven kinds of prayer that the article listed?
a. Prayer of intercession for others
b. Prayer of worship of God
c. Prayer of agreement for communion
d. Prayer of petition for things
e. Prayer of confession for forgiveness
f. Prayer of salvation for sinners
g. Prayer of faith for miracles
What are seven conditions that hinder prayer?
1. Known or unconfessed sin (Psalm 66:18; Isa. 59:1-2)
2. Rejecting the clearly revealed will of God (1 Sam. 8:18; Prov. 28:9)
3. Praying with the wrong motive (James 4:3
4. Harboring idols Ezek. 14:3)
5. An unforgiving spirit (Mark 11:25-26)
6. Failure to respond to the needs of the poor (Prov. 21:13)
7. Domestic conflict (1 Peter 3:7)
What are the 10 Questions that the Author Suggests you should ask in order to make hard
decisions easy?
1) Will it be Spiritually profitable?
2) Will it build me up?
3) Will it slow me down in the race?
4) Will it bring me into bondage?
5) Will it hypocritically cover my sin?
6) Will it violate the Lordship of Christ in my life?
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7) Will it help other Christians by its example?
8) Will it lead others to Christ?
9) Will it be consistent with Christ likeness?
10) Will it Glorify God?
According to the Westminster Confession, what is sin?
Anything that does not conform to God's Word is sin.
List the principles that guide the Christian in discipling his life.
1) Christians must discipline themselves to do what God directs.
2) Christians must discipline themselves to refrain from doing what God says is wrong?
3) Christians must discipline themselves to obey their conscience.
4) Christians must discipline their thought life so they don't harbor impure thought.
5) Christians must discipline themselves to keep their body spiritually clean.
6) Christians must discipline their relationship to others so that the decisions of others will not
cause them to stumble.
7) Christians must discipline themselves so they don't adversely influence others.
What are some of the main motivators for a Christian to discipline their life?
1) Love for God
2) They've been hurt from sin and don't want to get burned again
What shouldn't be a motivator for discipline?
Legalism
Why is legalism bad?
Because it's simply behavior modification. Keeping a rule for the sake of keeping it.
How does the author define "character?"
Habitually doing the right thing in the right way.
Where a results in inner power to do good, results in your habits that make
you do good.
spirituality, character
Belief is more than a decision to accept Christ. It is the that something is true.
conviction
You can't determine your , but when you have the right you get the best out
of circumstances and rise above your circumstances.
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circumstances, attitude
A person with character is able to _ long after the is gone that first
motivated choice.
carry out a decision, emotion
What point does the author illustrate with an elephant and 4 blind men?
4 men touched the same elephant but came up with 4 different views (based on personal
experience and described what they experienced) The failure to see the whole elephant
resulted in a defective description.
