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Work & Adolescence
Demographics Correlates
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Prevalence
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SES
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Gender
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Ethnicity
Four Views on Adolescent Paid Work
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Early work experiences may be harmful
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Early work experiences may be beneficial
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Early work experiences may not matter
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Early work experiences may matter for some youth more than others
Early work experiences may be harmful
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Associations with long/intensive work hours
o Less participation in extracurricular activities
o Less sleep and exercise
o Lower academic achievement
o Increased school absence
o Increase drop-out rate
o Lower likelihood of getting a college degree
o More opportunities for deviant activity
o Higher rates of delinquency and substance use
Early work experiences may be beneficial
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Associations with moderate work hours
o Reduced drop-out rates
o Increase involvement in school activities
o Higher GPA
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o Sense of responsibility, independence, confidence
o Coping skills
o Developmental of work values
o College attendance and degree attainment
o Less deviance/substance use
Early work experiences may not matter
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Impact of individual pre-existing characteristics
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Precocious development theory
Early work experiences may matter for some youth more than others
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Work effects may depend on opportunity
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Youth from higher SES
o Youth labor market
o Extracurricular leisure activities
o Work may be more detrimental
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Danger of discretionary income
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Negative work attitudes
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Youth from lower SES
o Limited/competitive job market
o Work may have more benefits
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Those saving for college
Career Development
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Processes
o Understanding self and world of work
o Exploring career options
o Making, implementing, and evaluating career-related decision
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Stage theories
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Aspects of Career Development
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Competence beliefs/ self-efficacy
o Academic self-efficacy
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outcome expectation
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career interest
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aspiration versus expectations
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work values
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social context
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gender, race/ethnicity, & SES
