1
Psychology Multi-part Question
Institutional Affiliation
Date
2
1. Menon, M., Moyes, H. C., & Bradley, C. M. (2018). Interactive influences of narcissism
and self-esteem on insecure attachment in early adolescence. The Journal of Early
Adolescence, 38(7), 966-987.
2. The study examined two propositions of the interactive effects of maladaptive egotism as
well as self-worth on the unconfident attachment modes of adolescents.
3. The research question of the study was; “does maladaptive narcissism interact with little
self-worth to forecast an anxious connection mode, and with high self-worth to forecast an
avoidant connection style?
4. List of sources and number of sentences about it.
There are 45 sources used in the introduction. They are;
Aalsma, Lapsley, & Flannery, 2006; Barry & Kauten, 2014; Barry & Malkin, 2010;
Pauletti, Menon, Menon, Tobin, & Perry, 2012 (1 sentence)
Ainsworth, 1979; Bowlby, 1969 (1 sentence)
Ainsworth, 1979; Cassidy, Kirsch, Scolton, & Parke, 1996; Main & Solomon, 1990;
Shmueli-Goetz, Target, Fonagy, & Datta, 2008 (1 sentence)
Allen & Hauser, 1996; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Feeney & Collins, 2004;
Finnegan et al., 1996; Fraley & Shaver, 2008; Fraley & Spieker, 2003; Furman, Simon,
Shaffer, & Bouchey, 2002; Hodges, Finnegan, & Perry, 1999; Mikulincer & Shaver,
2007; Roisman & Groh, 2011; Yunger et al., 2005 (1 sentence)
Barry & Kauten, 2014; Grafeman, Barry, Marcus, & Leachman, 2013; Pincus et al., 2009
(1 sentence)
Barry, Frick, & Killian, 2003; Barry, Grafeman, Adler, & Pickard, 2007 (1 sentence)
3
Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 (1 sentence)
Besser & Priel, 2009; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Otway & Vignoles, 2006; Smolewska
& Dion, 2005 (1 sentence)
Brummelman et al. 2015 (1 sentence)
Brummelman et al., 2015; Otway & Vignoles, 2006 (1 sentence)
Brummelman et al., 2015; Thomaes, Brummelman, Reijntjes, & Bushman, 2013 (1
sentence)
Bushman & Baumeister, 1998; Emmons, 1984; Raskin & Terry, 1988 (1 sentence)
Collins & Steinberg, 2006 (2 sentences)
Cooper et al., 2013; Yunger et al., 2005 (2 sentences)
Cooper et al., 2013; Yunger et al., 2005 (1 sentence)
Crawford et al., 2007; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2013; Pistole,
1995; Wink, 1991 (1 sentence)
Cain, Pincus, & Ansell, 2008; Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Wink, 1991(1 sentence)
Del Giudice, 2009 (1 sentence)
Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Hendin & Cheek, 1997; Miller & Campbell, 2008; Miller et
al., 2011; Pincus et al., 2009; Sedikides, Rudich, Gregg, Kumashiro, & Rusbult, 2004 (1
sentence)
Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Kealy, Ogrodniczuk, Joyce, Steinberg, & Piper, 2013;
Rosenstein & Horowitz, 1996 (1 sentence)
Emmons, 1984; Raskin & Terry, 1988 (1 sentence)
Finnegan et al., 1996; Hodges et al., 1999; Yunger et al., 2005 (1 sentence)
Finnegan et al., 1996; Menon, 2011 (1 sentence)
4
Finnegan, Hodges, & Perry, 1996; Kerns, Klepac, & Cole, 1996; Yunger, Corby, &
Perry, 2005 (1 sentence)
Hart, Shaver, & Goldenberg, 2005; Mikulincer, Dolev, & Shaver, 2004; Mikulincer &
Horesh, 1999 (1 sentence)
Hendin & Cheek, 1997; Wink, 1991 (1 sentence)
Hepper, Gramzow, & Sedikides, 2010; Tice, 1991 (1 sentence)
Hodges et al., 1999; Menon, 2016 (1 sentence)
Lapsley & Stey, 2012 (1 sentence)
Menon et al., 2007 (1 sentence)
Mikulincer & Florian, 1998 (1 sentence)
Modell, 1986 (1 sentence)
Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001 (6 sentences)
Philipson, 1985 (1 sentence)
Pistole, 1995 (1 sentence)
Smolewska & Dion, 2005 (1 sentence)
Thomaes et al., 2013 (1 sentence)
Thompson, 2006 (1 sentence)
5. i. Narcissism
Narcissism is defined as a personality feature that replicates a firm needs to be appreciated
for a ostentatious self. It is theoretically different from self-esteem, although it has previously
been studied in adults. Maladaptive narcissism is troublesome for adolescents’ well-being and
interpersonal relations. Previous studies show that anxious attachment may start because of
parenting and common behaviors beginning from childhood.
5
ii. Hypotheses of the study
This study assumed the dimensional method to examine unconfident affection in teenagers.
The study examined two competing propositions of how personal variations in self-worth might
control the connection approaches of egotistic young people. The first hypothesis was the
affection for self-affirmation proposition. Per this proposition, the anxious affection might meet
the self-regulatory desires of low esteemed egotistic young people. The second hypothesis
connects with the attachment approaches of high esteemed narcissistic adolescents. According to
the attachment for self-enhancement proposition, high esteemed egotistical adolescents might
most likely develop the ostentatious self through downward communal comparisons. This
denigrates and undervalues the attachment stature, hence showing an avoidant attachment style.
iii. Emotional Bias
These two connection approaches in egotistic young people might also be varied by sex.
Gender-separated trend of parenting in infancy makes narcissistic kids using variant self-
regulatory approaches to recompense for an insufficient logic of self. Thus, in spite of the unique
parenting narcissism’s origins, there are different reasons to suppose that anxious and avoidant
affection might provide the interpersonal targets of adolescents having varied self-esteem.
iv. Testing the hypotheses
The study tested the two hypotheses; interactive effects of maladaptive egotism; and self-
worth on the anxious affection models of adolescents. Although the authors had various
expectations concerning narcissism, the main question was whether maladaptive narcissism
could interact with low self-worth to forecast a distant connection mode and with elevated self-
worth to forecast an avoidant connection approach.
6
6. One of the theories discussed in the introduction is the attachment theory. This theory is
used to motivate the research question by proposing that insecure attachment may form because
of parenting and socialization behaviors beginning from babyhood. However, the kid’s character
may also be a causal aspect. The authors agree with this theory because it gives two approaches
of assessing attachment in childhood and adolescence; categorical and dimensional approaches.
The authors chose the dimensional technique to assess timid attachment in young people.
The second theory is the self-regulatory form of egotism by Morf and Rhodewalt (2001).
According to this form, egotistic people are distrustful of and aggressive to relationship cohorts
because of unenthusiastic familiarities with major caregivers in babyhood. The theory is used to
motivate the research question by providing a theoretical ground for the study’s proposed
connections between narcissism and unconfident attachment styles.
7. Although the authors did not acknowledge any studies that have studied anxious
attachment linkage with narcissism in nonclinical research with kids and adolescents, previous
studies related to the current research question in different ways. One study shows that kids and
adolescents indicate similar attachment styles with their mother and a colleague, though the
linkages are simply tiny in dimension (Hodges et al., 1999; Menon, 2016). Secondly, studies
assessing the link linking timid love attachment and egotism in mature people associate the
ostentatious narcissism model to the dismissive attachment mode (Dickinson & Pincus, 2003;
Kealy, Ogrodniczuk, Joyce, Steinberg, & Piper, 2013; Rosenstein & Horowitz, 1996). These
studies also link the susceptible type of egotism to the preoccupied attachment model. In another
study, the preoccupied romantic attachment model was linked with susceptible egotism in female
people (Smolewska & Dion, 2005).
7
8. This proposed research is the logical next step because egotistic young people with low
and high confidence use various sociocognitive methods to keep their personality. This study's
hole in psychological knowledge is following is the maladaptive egotism and self-esteem’s
interactive effects on attachment modes in adolescence.
9. The abstract constructs being studied are emotional bias and motivation between boys
and girls. The two are being measured in attachment strategies in narcissistic adolescents. The
authors measured preoccupied as well as avoidant connection to dual affection facts; the mother
and a colleague. This was done because of both parent’s salience and peer associations with
youths. The direct variable (DV) is the attachment towards their mother and a friend. The
independent variable (IV) is the interaction between maladaptive egotism with low and high self-
worth.
10. The study’s adolescent participants were 150 boys and 156 girls who were 86%White,
7% Asian, and 7% others. They were in the 8th (n=129) and 9th (n=177) year clusters of a
Surrey’s secondary school in England. These age groups are equivalent to 7th and 8th grades in
the U.S. Children varied in age from 12.30 years-14.25 years. The study followed the British
Psychological Society’s ethical standards. The Head teacher permitted the study and invited all
8th and 9th-year groups. Parents were informed through a letter, but 3.5% of the invited students
were denied consent. Teachers were given printed directives on the steps to be used, and students
tested in clusters of 20-25 learners. The teacher read directives for the initial questions, and the
learners did the study without more group orders. They told the students to raise their hands if
they had any queries. The assessments took about 60 minutes to complete and submit enclosed
envelope to the instructor. There were three measures in the survey; narcissism, self-esteem, and
attachment models. Narcissism was examined by the use of the 17-item Maladaptive Narcissism
8
Children Scale (Cronbach’s α = .68), the NPIC one. On the other hand, self-worth was examined
using Harter’s (1985) six-item Global Self-Worth Scale. Cronbach’s alpha stood at .86. Items
utilized double-stem answer arrangement. On attachment styles, the students’ connection ways to
their mother and a colleague were examined by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. The
procedures utilized the double-stem answer method referred by Harter (1985).
11. On the impact of sex and age on assessments, boys got upper scores than girls on
avoidant mode with mother and colleague, while girls got upper scores than boys on anxious
mode with mother and colleague. On the correlations among measures, egotism was linked with
lower self-worth as well as upper avoidant connection to the mother and a colleague for both
boys and girls. However, it was not linked with preoccupied attachment or colleague for either
sexual category. The affection for self-affirmation proposition was not supported. The outcome
showed that egotism was absolutely linked with anxious style in boys but unenthusiastically
linked with anxious mode in girls. The outcome backed the connection for self-enhancement
proposition, especially for youthful boys.
12. i. summary of the results
The results showed that narcissism interaction with self-worth was connected to the avoidant
attachment modes of boys towards the mother and a colleague. Particularly, egotism was linked
with higher avoidant affection to both relationship cohorts when boys showed upper degrees of
self-esteem. Previous studies had shown no association between narcissism with anxious
attachment mode towards the mother or colleague, either solely or in blend with low-esteem.
ii. Sources used in the general discussion
The general discussion uses seven sources.
iii. Summary of sources and their relation with the research question
9
Morf and Rhodewalt’s (2001) source shows the connection between egotism and self-worth to
forecast insecure attachment models. The survey explored two non competing hypotheses from
this source. According to (Smolewska & Dion, 2005), the association between narcissism and
low or high esteem is restricted to romantic attachments in adult people. The current study
question sought to seek facts for the thought that egotistic inspiration promoted self-motivation
with the mother or colleague during adolescence. The (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991;
Mikulincer et al., 2004) support the current study’s affection for self-enhancement proposition.
The sources presume that the relational plan characters of persons with avoidant affection are
favorable to the motivational objectives of youthful boys with sturdy egotistic inspiration as well
as high value. According to (Menon 2011), the avoidant connection approach is sex-atypical in
girls. Young people who look at the self through sex-atypical models assess themselves
unenthusiastically and have an unenthusiastic effect. (Menon et al., 2007) say that high self-
worth supports kids to control their behavioral ways. The results of the question study indicated
that elevated self-worth aids kids and youth when together with lack of difficult character traits
as well as rebellious behaviors. According to (Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Miller et al., 2011),
mature ostentatious narcissists show an avoidant attachment models in their love affairs. The
study question found a connection amid narcissism and avoidant attachment. According to
(Collins & Steinberg, 2006), during the adolescent stage, the relationship function is salient. The
remarks from the study question were limited to adolescence.
13. The first limitation is that all measures used in the survey were personal reports; hence
some of the essential links might be accredited to collective methods dissent. Secondly, the study
outcome has been analyzed to show that egotism links with self-worth to affect avoidant
affection in youthful boys. However, they may bear the opposite causal proposition, that
10
avoidant affection enhances maladaptive narcissism’s development. Lastly, the results from the
study concerning the evasion of mother and colleague may be restricted to youth because this is
when association performance is most prominent.
14. Future study may anticipate exploring optional interpersonal methods through which
egotistic girls may preserve their ostentatious selves. It might center on enhancing measures of
susceptible egotism in adolescents. Future study might assess if the interactive influences of
narcissism and self-worth are factual for connection determined through diverse means. Lastly,
future study may examine if the cooperate influences of egotism and self-worth are restricted to
youth, the moment separation-individuation difficulties are significant, or if they are maintained
over time and at previous or afterward growth stages.
15. The Eigenfactor of the journal that published this article is 0.003. The EI factor of the
journal is low. The impact factor does not necessarily influence the quality of an article. IF only
examines the significance of a journal within its field. It also measures the regularity with which
the average article in that journal has been cited in a specific period; hence it does not affect the
quality of the article.
16. This article has been cited ten times.
